Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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Loopholes: A window into value alignment and the communication of meaning
No full textIntentional misunderstandings take advantage of the ambiguity of language to do what someone said, instead of what they actually wanted. These purposeful misconstruals or loopholes are a familiar facet of fable, law, and everyday life. Engaging with loopholes requires a nuanced understanding of goals (your own and those of others), ambiguity, and social alignment. As such, loopholes provide a unique window into the normal operations of cooperation and communication. Despite their pervasiveness and utility in social interaction, research on loophole behavior is scarce. Here, we combine a theoretical analysis with empirical data to give a framework of loophole behavior. We first establish that loopholes are widespread, and exploited most often in equal or subordinate relationships (Study 1). We show that people reliably distinguish loophole behavior from both compliance and non-compliance (Study 2), and that people predict that others are most likely to exploit loopholes when their goals are in conflict with their social partner’s and there is a cost for non-compliance (Study 3). We discuss these findings in light of other computational frameworks for communication and joint-planning, as well as discuss how loophole behavior might develop and the implications of this work for human-machine alignment
An Overview of the GUT-AI Foundation: Vision for an Ecosystem of Concepts and Implementations
No full textThis whitepaper presents the vision, mission, and overarching role of GUT-AI Foundation. The Foundation aims to promote the research, development and eventually the deployment of user-friendly, human-centred and developer-friendly Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems for the betterment of humanity through an Ecosystem of Concepts and Implementations (ECI). The Foundation recognizes the potential of AI to revolutionize numerous industries, ranging from Healthcare and Education to Financial Services and Self-Driving Cars. However, the development of such AI systems poses significant challenges and impediments, such as multiple single points of failure, lack of interoperability, and lack of user adoption. Therefore, this whitepaper proposes a multidimensional approach to promote a whole ecosystem that has the ability to overcome such challenges. Primarily, the Foundation will encourage research into AI systems that are accessible, intuitive, and ready-to-use. The research will focus on proposing AI system architectures that meet the needs of the users, while they address their pain points in order to enhance both the User Experience (UX) and Developer Experience (DX). Furthermore, the Foundation will focus on promoting the adoption of best practices and Optional Open Standards for AI development and deployment that is automated, cost-effective, and scalable. For instance, these best practices will include the use of modular architectures, microservices, and containerization. By adopting these practices, the Foundation aims to enable interoperability and reuse of AI components. In addition, the Foundation envisions creating a marketplace, which will enable buyers to discover and adopt AI Solutions that meet their needs and preferences. The marketplace will also provide sellers with opportunities to showcase their AI Solutions, reach out to potential buyers and receive feedback from them. Finally, the Foundation will leverage emerging technologies such as Blockchain and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) to enhance the transparency, security, and trustworthiness of AI systems, while incentivizing innovation and collaboration among humans
Program Peningkatan Keterampilan Dasar Tehnik Instruksional–Applied Approach (PEKERTI-AA)
No full textProgram Peningkatan Keterampilan Dasar Tehnik Instruksional – Applied Approach ( PEKERTI-AA ) sebagai salah satu bukti para peserta mampu dan memahami materi. Materi diharapkan dapat dijadikan sebagai acuan dalam usaha memperbaiki Sistem Pembelajan bidang studi Kimia Organik di Institut Kesehatan Helvetia Medan. Semoga dapat berguna bagi kita semu
Delving into the relationship between regular physical exercise and cardiac interoception in two cross-sectional studies.
No full textCardiac interoception, the ability to sense and process cardiac afferent signals, has been shown to improve after a single session of acute physical exercise. However, it remains unclear whether repetitive engagement in physical exercise over time leads to long-term changes in cardiac interoceptive accuracy. It is also unknown whether those changes affect the neural activity associated with the processing of afferent cardiac signals, assessed by the heart-evoked potential (HEP). In this study, we aimed to investigate this hypothesis through two cross-sectional studies, categorizing participants as active or inactive based on physical fitness (Study I; N = 45) or self-reported physical activity levels (Study II; N = 60). Interoception was assessed at rest using the HEP (Studies I and II), the Heartbeat Counting task (Study II), and the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) (Study II). Study I showed strong evidence of better cardiovascular fitness in the active group than in the inactive group as well as robust between-group differences in electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. Study 2 replicated the clear differences in ECG as a function of regular physical activity. Those results were expected due to clear differences in physical activity habits. In contrast, our analysis revealed no robust differences between groups across cardiac interoception tasks and the RHI, although the direct relevance of these measures to interoception remains under investigation. In sum, our results do not provide convincing evidence to support a strong version of the notion that regular physical exercise is associated with an enhanced in cardiac interoception
How should we treat farmed animals? Adolescents are more speciesist than adults
No full textAdults engage in psychological processes (including species-based categorisation and post-hoc reasoning) that result in ascribing high moral value to some animals while eating others. Do adolescents engage in similar processes? We compared adolescents’ (n = 89, M age = 13.54) and adults’ (n = 113, M age = 43.73) views on four measurements. Regarding moral judgements, we found that adolescents were a) more speciesist than adults (i.e., believed moral worth was determined by species membership) and b) reported that farmed animals ought to be treated less well than adults did. There were c) no differences in how morally justified adults and adolescents found eating meat. Shedding light on the underlying process, we found that d) adolescents are less likely than adults to report that in society farmed animals are categorised as food rather than pets. Overall, this suggests that adolescents base their view on the treatment an individual deserves more on the species it belongs to than adults do, which may serve as a first attempt to make sense of the differential treatment different animals are subjected to in society
Divided perceptions of risk? A new online tool to study the many flavors of polarization
No full textPolarization has become a major concern in behavioral science and popular media, as it may affect many important areas of life. For instance, how polarized are people's perceptions of risks, such as regarding (not) imposing mitigation measures during a pandemic? Answering this question is surprisingly challenging: Whereas multiple theoretical views of polarization and their respective mathematical operationalizations coexist, the latter are often used interchangebly as measures of "polarization". This may be indicative of a jingle fallacy, because it is unknown whether the diverse ways of quantifying polarization in people's perceptions of important societal matters empirically converge. In study 1 we thus ran a reanalysis of a large dataset from the World Values Survey covering diverse topics of societal relevance (N = 93,214), finding only moderate empirical convergence between six operationalizations of polarization. In study 2 we applied the same approach focusing specifically on people's risk perceptions of COVID-19 mitigation measures (N = 768), and found a similar pattern of low convergence between different operationalizations of polarization. Yet, according to one operationalization with a clear threshold for polarization, risk perceptions were polarized in 11 out of 12 experimental conditions. Our findings emphasize the need to carefully consider how polarization is operationalized to avoid broad generalizations, keeping in mind that some operationalizations may speak to specific theoretical conceptualizations. To raise awareness for this concern and support behavioral science researchers in conducting similar analyses with their own datasets, we provide a novel online tool available at https://shiny.cbdr-lab.net/polarization
Imagine Before You Decide: Episodic Simulation Increases the Likelihood of Choosing the Simulated Option
No full textEpisodic simulation—the act of projecting oneself into the future—affects people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Across six studies, we tested the possibility that simulation affects decisions by making people more likely to choose options they simulate. Study 1 first established a correlation between how much people naturally simulated an option for an upcoming personal decision over one week and the likelihood that they would choose that option. Studies 2a and 2b demonstrated that simulation caused a small but significant increase in the likelihood a person would choose the simulated option for their personal decision relative to a non-simulated option. Finally, Studies 3, 4a, and 4b, revealed that simulation shapes decisions in controlled laboratory experiments where options were matched on initial preference. This work suggests that episodic simulation may contribute to a feedback loop, reinforcing preferences by making people more likely to choose options they simulate
Striving for money and happiness
No full textThis project aims to shed a light on the relationship between striving for money and happiness. It consists of two studies. The first study was exploratory and cross-cultures (Indonesian and non-Indonesian participants). The second study aims to test the effect of striving for money on happiness in a more broad sample
