Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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The Ideological Turing Test: a behavioural measure of open-mindedness and perspective-taking
No full textTruly understanding the position of ideological opponents is challenging, yet crucial if our goals are to avoid escalation or further polarisation, identify areas of agreement, and ultimately reduce misunderstanding. We operationalise the idea of an ‘Ideological Turing Test’, as a behavioural measure of the extent to which people are able to accurately represent the position of their ideological opponents. The original ‘Turing Test’ challenged any artificial intelligence to successfully mimic human dialogue- the test would be passed if a human was convinced that the machine was a human. The Ideological Turing Test has been proposed (Caplan 2011 Econlib) as a requirement for would-be human debaters - can they successfully mimic their ideological opponent’s arguments to the extent that their opponent endorses the argument as strongly as their own? Crucially, this ‘Test’ offers a behavioural measure of open mindedness which goes beyond self-report measures. It is not possible to pass an Ideological Turing Test by believing you understand the other’s perspective - you must articulate those arguments to the satisfaction of those who hold them. In this study, we operationalise the Ideological Turing Test by recruiting participants from opposite sides of commonly polarising debates (Covid-19 Vaccines, Brexit, Veganism), and asking them to provide reasons both for and against their position. These reasons were rated by participants from the opposite side of the debate. Our criteria for “passing” the Ideological Turing Test is if an argument is agreed with by opponents to the same extent or higher than arguments made by proponents. We found no difference in minority or majority positions in their ability to pass the Ideological Turing Test (i.e. no difference in passing rate between those who are for or against Covid-19 vaccines). However we did find that those who pass the Ideological Turing Test are less judgemental towards their opponents, in that they are less likely to rate them as ignorant, immoral or irrational. The Ideological Turing Test not only provides a behavioural measure of open-mindedness, it also provides insights into the scope and diversity of arguments within and between polarising topics
Chunk-based Incremental Processing and Learning: An integrated theory of word discovery, implicit statistical learning, and speed of lexical processing
No full textAccording to chunking theories, children discover their first words by extracting sub-sequences embedded in their continuous input. However, the mechanisms proposed in these accounts are often incompatible with data from other areas of language development. We present a new theory to connect the chunking accounts of word discovery with the broader developmental literature. We argue that (a) children build a diverse collection of chunks, including words, multi-word phrases, and sub-lexical units; (b) these chunks have different processing times determined by how often each chunk is used to recode the input; and (c) these processing times interact with short-term memory limitations and incremental processing to constrain learning. We implemented this theory as a computational modelling architecture called CIPAL (Chunk-based Incremental Processing and Learning). Across nine studies, we demonstrate that CIPAL can model word discovery in different contexts. First, we trained the model with 70 child-directed speech corpora from 15 languages. CIPAL gradually discovered words in each language, with cross-linguistic variation in performance. The model’s average processing time also improved with experience, resembling the developmental changes observed in children’s speed of processing. Second, we showed that CIPAL could simulate seven influential effects reported in statistical learning experiments with artificial languages. This included a preference for words over nonwords, part words, frequency-matched part words, phantom words, and sub-lexical units. On this basis, we argue that incremental chunking is an effective implicit statistical learning mechanism that may be central to children’s vocabulary development
Four-Dimensional Newtonian Relativity
No full textThe constancy of the speed of light seems to imply that time and space are not absolute. However, we aim to demonstrate that this is not necessarily the case. In this article, we use Newton's concepts of absolute time and absolute space, along with the hypothesis that physical space is four-dimensional, to construct an alternative formulation to the theory of special relativity. We prove this formulation is mathematically equivalent to Einstein's theory by deriving the Lorentz transformation from the Galilean transformation for frames of reference in four-dimensional Euclidean space
Stress response profiles in low-SES adolescents: A replication study
No full textThis project is the second of a two-study dissertation being completed by Sarah Perzow. Study 1 is titled "Associative Development of Stress Responses and Internalizing Psychopathology: Advanced Methods for Understanding Multidimensional Adaptation Across Adolescence.
