Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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Experiment 1
No full textIn this study, we present participants with images depicting individuals and dyads building block towers. When the tower is built by an individual, the actor alternates between using their left and right hands to place blocks atop the tower. Conversely, dyads distribute this task such that they take turns placing blocks on the tower. Occasionally, an action sequence violation occurs in which the same hand (individual condition) or the same actor (joint/dyad condition) places two blocks atop the tower in a row.
Upon seeing a block placed on the tower, participants will be asked to make rapid keypress responses to indicate which hand (individual condition) or actor (joint condition) they saw place the block.
We aim to test whether social contexts modulates observers predicted action sequences by comparing participants response times across individual and joint contexts
The role of self-regulation in giving social support
No full textEffective social support can benefit recipients, but it can be challenging to give. Determining what type of support will be most effective, for whom, and when, is a multi-pronged calculation that providers execute while balancing personal goals, motivations, and current resources. Prior research outlines support providers’ traits and methods that may improve support-giving, but the internal and psychological processes that underlie optimal support provision remain unclear. Here, we argue that self-regulation plays a critical and understudied role in giving effective social support. We leverage research on self-regulatory processes to examine how they influence effective support provision. We propose that support providers must first evaluate their aims and prioritize relational goals with recipients, and next utilize self-regulatory processes (e.g., effort, cognitive control) to understand recipient’s goals and deliver support. More effective self-regulation may enhance support exchanges for all involved. This framework generates testable research questions on how people give optimal support
Domain Generality in Metacognitive Ability: A Confirmatory Study Across Visual Perception, Memory, and General Knowledge
No full textMetacognition is the ability to monitor and control one's own cognitive processes, with higher-order mechanisms assessing the performance of lower-level cognitive operations to determine subjective confidence. An open question is whether metacognitive capacity is domain-general, akin to a conductor overseeing various sections of an orchestra, or whether it is inherently coupled to each domain, resembling a collection of specialized musical directors for each instrument group. Previous studies attempting to address this question have suffered from methodological drawbacks, such as a lack of control over cognitive sensitivity and low statistical power. In this confirmatory, pre-registered study, we addressed this gap by testing metacognitive ability in visual perceptual, memory, and general knowledge domains using a newly developed adaptive 'trivia' task spanning judgments about nutrition and global economics. We found substantive correlations in metacognitive bias and efficiency across domains, even when controlling for cognitive ability, suggesting up to 15-20% shared variance in metacognition across different modalities. Surprisingly however, we found the lowest correlation in metacognition between the two general knowledge domains, despite these tasks being matched on performance and surface-level features. Our results broadly support the existence of a metacognitive "g-factor," excluding several important methodological confounds; while also highlighting the importance of further research into inter-individual differences in metacognitive priors which may explain the lower correlations between the different knowledge domains
Familiar Story Structures Possess an Evolutionary Edge in Memory
No full textHuman beings demonstrate a universal impulse to share and consume stories. Over generations of transmission, within and across cultures, stories have evolved to develop regularities in their internal structures. Here, we investigated how two features of story structure – coherence and familiarity – impact recall as participants retold a story 5 days in a row. We predicted that familiar and coherent structures would be more stable over retellings. We measured stability using two novel story similarity measures of the (1) degree of structural change within storytellers, and (2) similarity in remembered structure across storytellers. Study 1 first validated our story similarity measure. Studies 2 and 3 then tracked the evolution of stories that varied in coherence and familiarity, respectively, using novel stories adapted from the popular “Cinderella” structure. Results showed that all stories became more structurally stable across retellings, with stories moving in a consistent direction (i.e., towards a consistent final form). However, retellings of a story with a more coherent and familiar structure showed both greater stability within and similarity across minds than retellings of a story with an incoherent (Study 2) or unfamiliar structure (Study 3). Thus, using novel tools to measure story evolution, our findings suggest that familiarity and coherence of a story structure offered it an advantage in memory, both within and across minds
Estimating households’ willingness-to-pay associated with risks for improved plastic waste management using a new integrated contingent valuation-mindsponge- mindspongeconomics approach
No full textThis study investigates Vietnamese citizens’ participation in plastic waste treatment and environment improvement. We developed and adopted a novel method (CVMM) that integrates the contingent valuation, mindsponge, and mindspongeconomics – a new type of economics to estimate and reasonate households’ financial contribution for improved plastic waste treatment in North Vietnam. CVMM analytics were used to explore 1103 observations surveyed during 2022-2023 in the North Vietnam. The empirical findings suggest that public-private partnership should be further expanded and/or strengthen to improve finance while stronger environment policy associated with environmental education should be taken to improve environmental literacy and build environmental culture, which ultimately help address plastic waste and environmental issues in the long run
The Structure of Self-Related Core Beliefs
No full textSelf-related core beliefs, reflecting what individuals think about themselves, constitute an important individual difference variable. To date, the literature on the structure of self-related core beliefs is scattered and disconnected, with many approaches developed outside personality psychology. In three studies, the present research presents an integration of existing approaches and an investigation of the underlying structure of self-related core beliefs proposed in these approaches. In the first study, a systematic review identifies existing approaches across subdisciplines. In the second study, a novel natural language processing approach is used to investigate and aggregate the identified beliefs on a semantic level. The third study provides an empirical analysis of the underlying latent structure via network analyses, factor analyses, and exploratory structure equation modeling. Results reveal that the structure of self-related core beliefs can be described on different hierarchical levels, including 97 nuances (e.g., Entitled), 20 facets (e.g., Rejected), and high-bandwidth dimensions of valence (positive versus negative), direction (approach versus withdrawal), and domain (Agency, Self-Esteem, and Communion). A structural, network-based model, the CorBel model, is presented that integrates the results. The results of the present research may promote a more comprehensive approach in research and applied settings such as counselling or health prevention
The Open Empirical Cycle for Hypothesis Evaluation in Psychology
No full textIn the last decade it has become clear that replicability of empirical psychological research
should be better. Open science practices aim to enhance the transparency of research
thereby both enabling others to reproduce the results presented in a paper and increasing
the replicability of these results using new data. Examples of these practices include
preregistration, publication of data and analyses, open access publications, and replication
research.
Although open science practices are gaining traction, they have rarely been placed in
a broader epistemological context. To address this shortcoming, this paper introduces the
open empirical cycle. It draws upon De Groot’s empirical cycle, a model of cumulative
knowledge generation via scientific research. The open empirical cycle is a pragmatic guide
for researchers that includes and links to open science practices. Adhering to the open
empirical cycle, if only partly, will structure the scientific workflow and create awareness of
the adverse consequences of deviations. Following the open empirical cycle increases the
transparency, quality, trustworthiness, and replicability of research.
The open empirical cycle presented in this paper focusses on hypothesis evaluation
using quantitative data in psychology. However, it can straightforwardly be applied to
hypothesis evaluation in other social and behavioral sciences and biomedical sciences. It
brings together ideas from de Groot’s empirical cycle, traditional, and open research steps,
key references, and open science tools, thereby providing a pragmatic, contemporary, and
structured approach to hypothesis evaluation
Feedback-induced attitudinal changes in risk preferences
No full textAccording to the normative standpoint, decision-making under risk, as it is traditionally instantiated in choice among fully described probabilistic lotteries, should not be affected by the disclosure of outcomes (feedback). Yet, contrary to this normative prescription, empirical studies have repeatedly reported that risk preferences are affected by immediate presentation of choice outcomes. The consensual and intuitive hypothesis is that feedback affects risk preferences via a learning process, whereby experienced outcomes alter the representation of subjective values. However, despite a relatively large body of published studies, available evidence does not allow robustly establishing the direction and the impact of feedback on key decision variables, namely risk propensity and expected value maximization, limiting our ability to establish a clear cognitive mechanism. Here, we ran seven behavioral experiments, tailored to address this gap and found that the presence of feedback consistently increases risk-taking, without any detectable impact on expected value maximization. Crucially, fine-grained analyses of the temporal dynamics of the effect of feedback directly falsified one of the currently most influential models of the role of experience in decisions under risk, and challenges any instantiation of the learning hypotheses. These results rather favor of an attitudinal effect, induced by the anticipation of feedback information. Epistemic curiosity and regret avoidance may drive this effect in partial and complete feedback conditions, respectively
Utilizing Primary Study Quality in Meta-Analyses in Psychology: A Step-by-Step Tutorial
No full textEvaluating the quality of primary studies is a key step in meta-analyses in psychology. This step is aimed at reducing the risk of bias and establishing the validity of the inferences drawn from the meta-analytic findings. However, the extant body of research offers little guidance on how to represent and incorporate primary study quality (PSQ) in meta-analyses, and some common procedures, such as creating sum scores from a set of quality indicators, often lack the backing from measurement models. Addressing these issues, we present a tutorial that guides researchers in their analytic decisions and approaches to represent and incorporate PSQ in their meta-analyses. Specifically, we describe, review, and illustrate approaches to (a) represent PSQ by single or multiple quality indicators or aggregated scores; (b) examine the moderator effects of PSQ; and (c) test the sensitivity of moderator effects to PSQ. We illustrate these approaches and present a step-by-step tutorial with analytic code for researchers’ guidance. We also encourage meta-analysts to take a measurement perspective on representing PSQ if multiple quality indicators are aggregated into a quality score. Moreover, we argue for conducting moderator sensitivity analyses to obtain more evidence on the impact of PSQ in a meta-analysis
