Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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Minimum Wages and Homelessness
No full textI study minimum wage policies as a potential contributing factor to the persistent challenge of homelessness faced by American cities. Some risk factors of homelessness - substance abuse, unstable support network, mental illness - also make individuals less competitive in the job market. If minimum wage increases have differential effects that depend upon individual characteristics, negative consequences of minimum wages could fall disproportionately on cohorts already at risk of homelessness. Using synthetic and local-projection difference-in-differences methods and Department of Housing and Urban Development homelessness data, I find that minimum wage hikes led to increased homelessness in American municipalities between 2006 and 2019. Further analysis suggests that disemployment, but not migration to higher wages or inflation in rental housing prices, is a mechanism. The findings highlight the importance for homelessness of labor market conditions for at-risk populations and suggest more research on the distributional effects of minimum wage laws
Study Protocol: Temperament, Evolving Emotions, and Neuroscience Study
No full textSocial anxiety disorder is among the most common forms of pediatric psychopathology. Social anxiety symptoms peak in adolescence and are associated with significant impairment encompassing familial, social, and academic domains. Considerable heterogeneity in symptomatology, risk factors, and biological underpinnings exists across anxious adolescents, which has implications for (1) understanding the developmental etiology of who is at highest risk, (2) identifying individual patterns of symptom course. In particular, fearful temperament is the best early-emerging predictor of the development of anxiety symptoms, and attention bias to threat and other neurobiological processes have been implicated as mechanisms but it is unknown for whom and to what degree these factors impair functioning and what the developmental course looks like across adolescence. The current study employs a longitudinal design capturing a wide range of anxiety symptom presentation (i.e., low risk, temperamental risk, and clinical anxiety). We follow adolescents (N = 195) annually across the transitions to middle- and high-school – ages 13, 14, 15, & 16 years. We implement a rich assessment of anxiety symptoms, temperament, attention bias, endocrine (cortisol), physiological (RSA) and neurobiological (EEG, ERP) processes. We aim to (1) characterize a biobehavioral (i.e., biased attention, neuroendocrine, physiological, and neural processes) pattern associated with fearful temperament and social anxiety in adolescence, (2) characterize trajectories of social anxiety in adolescence, with an emphasis on linking fearful temperament and anxiety across development, and (3) examine how social contextual factors, sex, and pubertal development shape social anxiety trajectories and moderated links between temperament and SA
Wakefulness can be distinguished from general anesthesia and sleep in flies using a massive library of univariate time series analyses
No full textThe neural mechanisms of consciousness remain elusive. Previous studies on both human and
non-human animals, through manipulation of level of conscious arousal, have reported that
specific time-series features correlate with level of consciousness, such as spectral power in
certain frequency bands. However, such features often lack principled, theoretical
justifications as to why they should be related with level of consciousness. This raises two
significant issues: firstly, many other types of times-series features which could also reflect
conscious level have been ignored due to researcher biases towards specific analyses; and
secondly, it is unclear how to interpret identified features to understand the neural activity
underlying consciousness, especially when they are identified from recordings which
summate activity across large areas such as electroencephalographic recordings. To address
the first concern, here we propose a new approach: in the absence of any theoretical priors,
we should be maximally agnostic and treat as many known features as feasible as equally
promising candidates. To apply this approach we use highly comparative time-series analysis
(hctsa), a toolbox which provides over 7,700 different univariate time-series features
originating from different research fields. To address the second issue, we employ hctsa to
high-quality neural recordings from a relatively simple brain, the fly brain (Drosophila
melanogaster), extracting features from local field potentials during wakefulness, general
anesthesia and sleep. At Stage 1 of this registered report, we constructed a classifier for each
feature, for discriminating wakefulness and anesthesia in a discovery group of flies (N = 13).
At Stage 2, we assessed their performances on four independent groups of evaluation flies,
from which recordings were made during anesthesia and sleep, and which were originally
blinded to the data analysis team (N = 49). We found only 47 time-series features, applied to
recordings obtained from the center of the fly brain, to also significantly classify wake from
anesthesia or sleep in all 4 of these evaluation datasets. Most of these were related to
autocorrelation, and they indicated that signals during wakefulness remained correlated to
their past for a longer timescale than during anesthesia and sleep. Meanwhile, time-series
features related to well-known potential markers of consciousness, such as those related to
complexity or spectral power, failed to generalize across all the flies. However, many of these
complexity and spectral features have a consistent direction of effect due to anesthesia or
sleep across flies, suggesting that even slight variations in experiment setup can reduce
generalizability of classifiers. These results caution the current state of frequent discoveries
of new potential consciousness markers, which may not generalize across datasets, and point
to autocorrelation as a class of dynamical properties which does
Prebisch and Singer in the Egyptian cotton fields
No full textThis article revisits the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis (PSH) through the lens of Egyptian-British trade relations in the long 19th century, particularly focusing on the barter terms of trade (BTT) between Egyptian raw cotton and British manufactured textiles. Drawing on unpublished archival sources and historical trade data, I argue that Egypt’s commitment to a cotton-based export economy was a rational choice as later unvavourable technological and geopolitical transformations were impossible to predict at the time. The is because early BTT trends favored cotton, especially during the American Civil War. However, the long-term trajectory led to BTT deterioration driven by war, colonial strategies and capitalist cycles. By highlighting the role of political power and historical contingencies in shaping global value regimes, the article challenges neoclassical value theories and culturalist explanations of global inequality. The article further explores how ecological pressures and volatile price dynamics contributed to the rise of anti-colonial economic thought in Egypt advocating for diversification and industrialisation. It concludes by highlighting that ecological and material approaches to colonial history are essential to fully understand the North-South the rise of anti-colonial sentiments throughout the Global South in the 20th century
SMART-LD: A tool for critically appraising risk of bias and reporting quality in longitudinal resistance training interventions
No full textThis document overviews the items included in the SMART-LD scale and explains the grading criteria for each item. One point is awarded for questions that receive an answer of “yes”; zero points are awarded for questions that receive an answer of “no”
A Theoretical Explanation and Modification of the Lorentz Contraction Effect, and a Tentative Theoretical Explanation of the Planck Energy Formula E=hω
No full textThis paper is another applied article based on the author's "Unified Theory of Force". The main work of this paper is as follows: (1) Reinterpretation of the Lorentz contraction effect and rigorous proof that the Lorentz contraction is a physical phenomenon based on the conservation of energy and momentum under non-completely symmetrical relative motion effects. This paper proves that the Lorentz contraction effect not only occurs in the direction of motion but also simultaneously in any direction. (2) Furthermore, in this paper, we have, for the first time in physics, theoretically explained the Planck energy formula E=hω
Emotions and individual differences shape foraging under threat
No full textA common behaviour in natural environments is foraging for rewards. However, this is often in the presence of predators. Therefore, one of the most fundamental decisions for humans, as for other animals, is how to apportion time between reward-motivated pursuit behaviour and threat-motivated checking behaviour. To understand what affects how people strike this balance, we developed a novel ecologically inspired task and looked at both within-participant dynamics (moods) and between-participant individual differences (questionnaires about real-life behaviours) in two large internet samples (n=374 and n=702) in a cross-sectional design. For the within-participant dynamics, we found that people regulate task-evoked stress homeostatically by changing behaviour (increasing foraging and hiding). Individual differences, even in superficially related traits (apathy-anhedonia and anxiety-compulsive checking) reliably mapped onto unique behaviours. Worse task performance, due to maladaptive checking, was linked to gender (women checked excessively) and specific anxiety-related traits: somatic anxiety (reduced self-reported checking due to worry) and compulsivity (self-reported disorganized checking). While anhedonia decreased self-reported task engagement, apathy, strikingly, improved overall task performance by reducing excessive checking. In summary, we provide a novel multifaceted paradigm for assessment of checking for threat in a naturalistic task which is sensitive to both moods as they change throughout the task and clinical dimensions. Thus, it could serve as an objective measurement tool for future clinical studies interested in threat, vigilance or behaviour-emotion interactions in contexts requiring both reward-seeking and threat-avoidance
Review of Stephen Chrisomalis, Reckonings: Numerals, Cognition, and History
No full text[PUBLISHED IN PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL] A review of Reckonings: Numerals, Cognition, and History by Stephen Chrisomalis. Chrisomalis is recognizably the foremost expert in numerical notations. In this latest work, he compares numerical notations to species, since both emerge from ancestral states, transform to fit particular social niches, and give rise (or not) to descendent forms before going extinct. He approaches numerical notations as a stand-alone technology; this ignores their post-Neolithic emergence from precursors such as fingers, tallies, and tokens, which not only disconnects them from their material prehistories but also obscures useful similarities and trends (e.g., concision). Nonetheless, the book is a masterful work surely destined to become a classic of the anthropological literature
The Impact of Chemicals and Disorders and Diseases on Our Ability to Focus: A Global and Local Perspective
No full textThis review is a comprehensive overview of the effects of various drugs, diseases, and disorders on attentional breadth in individuals. Here we discuss how chemicals such as Testosterone, progesterone, cocaine, Caffeine, alcohol, and ecstasy can affect attentional scope. As well as we explore the impact of several diseases and disorders, including Schizophrenia, ADHD, autism, rumination, and Huntington's disease, on attention shifting between global and local targets. Meanwhile, we provide an in-depth discussion of local and global processing, attentional processes, and their interconnections. Identifying the factors that affect attentional breadth can help researchers and clinicians develop effective interventions to improve cognitive abilities and enhance human performance
The UnCODE system: A neurocentric systems approach for classifying the goals and methods of Cognitive Warfare
No full textCognitive Warfare takes advantage of novel developments in technology and science to influence how target populations think and act. Establishing adequate defense against Cognitive Warfare requires examination of modus operandi to understand this emerging action space. This includes the goals and methods that can be realized through science and technology. Recent literature suggests that both human and nonhuman cognition should be considered as targets of Cognitive Warfare. There are currently no frameworks allowing for a unified way of conceptualizing short-term and long-term Cognitive Warfare goals and attack methods that are domain- and species-agnostic. There is a need for a framework developed through a bottom-up approach that is informed by neuroscientific principles to capture relevant aspects of cognition. The framework should be at a level of complexity that is actionable to decision-makers in war. In this paper, we attempt to cover the existing gap by proposing the Unplug, Corrupt, disOrganize, Diagnose, Enhance (UnCODE) system for classifying the goals and methods of Cognitive Warfare. The system is neurocentric by conceptualizing Cognitive Warfare goals from the perspective of how adversarial methods relate to neural information processing in an individual or society. The UnCODE system identifies five main classes of goals: 1) Eliminating a target’s ability to produce outputs, 2) degrading a target’s capacity to process inputs and produce outputs, 3) biasing a target’s input-output activity, 4) monitoring and understanding the input-output relationships in targets, and 5) enhancing a target’s capacity and ability to process inputs and produce outputs. Methods can be divided in two categories based on access to the target’s neural system: direct access and indirect access. The UnCODE system is domain- and species-agnostic and allows for interdisciplinary commensurability when communicating attack paths across domains. In sum, the UnCODE system is a unifying framework that captures that multiple methods can be used to reach the same Cognitive Warfare goals