Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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Business-size bias in consumer dishonesty: People are more dishonest against big than small organizations
No full textBig businesses can have both good and bad effects on society, but they are often portrayed in a one-sided negative way. Apparently, big businesses lack the moral character and sympathetic nature of small businesses. Can such size-based perceptions influence the moral behavior of consumers? Drawing on moral typecasting theory, we suggest that consumers are less likely to perceive big businesses as a vulnerable victim than small businesses, making it seem more acceptable to cheat big businesses for personal gain. Eight studies (N = 6,338) support this hypothesis. Consumers not only show greater dishonest intentions toward big than small businesses, but also cheat big businesses more in incentivized choice experiments. Furthermore, greater dishonesty toward big businesses is mediated by big businesses being perceived as less vulnerable and less moral than small businesses. These findings show that size-based victim characteristics affect moral consumer behavior, which has implications for managers, policymakers, and society
The robustness of implicit evaluation updating: Tests of time course and resistance to the return of negativity
No full textAccumulating evidence suggests that even highly negative implicit (automatic) social evaluations are amenable to temporary shifts toward positivity; however, demonstrations of long-term change, especially in the negative-to-positive direction, are rare. Here we report 10 experiments (9 preregistered; total N = 3,103) probing whether negative-to-positive reversals in implicit evaluations can persist over time and are robust to reminders of initial negativity. To this end, we first identified two procedures involving diagnostic behavioral information (reinterpretation and negation + replacement) that, when measured immediately following the intervention, overturned experimentally created implicit negativity toward novel social targets, as measured by the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP; Exp. 1–2). Attesting to the durability of this effect, negative-to-positive reversals persisted without any decrement over a 2-day delay (Exp. 3). Although exposure to unrelated negative information following a 2-day delay caused implicit evaluations to return to negativity in the absolute sense (Exp. 4–5), the induced negativity was no stronger than negativity that emerged following univalent positive initial learning (Exp. 6A–6C) or in the absence of any prior learning (Exp. 7). Demonstrating the flexibility of automatic evaluative processing, these data suggest that negative-to-positive implicit evaluation change can be both durable and relatively robust to reminders of initial negativity. We discuss implications for social cognitive theory and the prospect of durably changing well-established implicit evaluations of known targets
Approximate Invariance Testing in Diagnostic Classification Models in the Presence of Attribute Hierarchies: A Bayesian Network Approach
No full textThis paper demonstrates the process of invariance testing in diagnostic classification models in the presence of attribute hierarchies via an extension of the log-linear cognitive diagnosis model (LCDM). This extension allows researchers to test for measurement (item) invariance as well as attribute (structural) invariance simultaneously in a single analysis. The structural model of the LCDM is parameterized as a Bayesian network which allows attribute hierarchies to be modeled and tested for attribute invariance via a series of latent regression models. We illustrate the steps for carrying out the invariance analyses through an in-depth case study with an empirical dataset and provide JAGS code for carrying out the analysis within a Bayesian framework. The analysis revealed that a subset of the items exhibit partial invariance and evidence of full invariance was found at the structural level
Reflection-Philosophy Order Effects and Correlations Across Samples
No full textReflective reasoning often correlates with certain philosophical decisions, but it is often unclear whether reflection causes those decisions. So a pre-registered experiment assessed how reflective thinking relates to decisions about 10 thought experiments from epistemology, ethics, and philosophy of mind. Participants from the United States were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, CloudResearch, Prolific, and a university. One participant source yielded up to 18 times as many low-quality respondents as the other three. Among remaining respondents, some prior correlations between reflective and philosophical thinking replicated. For example, reflection predicted denying that accidentally justified true beliefs count as knowledge. However, reflection test order did not impact philosophical decisions. Instead, a philosophical reflection effect emerged: making philosophical decisions before the reflection test improved reflection test performance. These and other data suggest causal paths between reflection and philosophy can go both directions, but detecting such results can depend on factors such as data quality
Grounding Ontologies: Considering Diversity and Practice in Conceptions of Non-Humans in an Amazonian Society
No full textPeople’s environmental conceptions influence the manner in which they engage with the world around them and are fundamental to processes of environmental decision-making. In order to fully grasp the meaning of such conceptions, ontological approaches exhort anthropologists to reconceptualize their own notions in order to understand people’s statements. Such approaches foreground difference, to the extent that members of distinct societies are considered to live in fundamentally different, incommensurable worlds. These theoretical postures, however, have been criticized for their emphasis on radical alterity and for portraying ontologies as homogeneous and static, ignoring cultural change and ethnographic heterogeneity, typical of anthropological research. Additionally, important theoretical and methodological issues are still unresolved, e.g., how to know if people’s utterances are meant to be taken as literal truths. This paper addresses this criticism and empirically explores conceptual arrangements by considering diversity and practice as constitutive of ontologies. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, this study explores the variety of notions of non-human beings held by members of an Indigenous Matsigenka community in Amazonian Peru. Ethnographic participant observation and a Bayesian statistical analysis of patterns of agreement and disagreement among community members suggest that ontological configurations are diverse, sometimes multiple and context-dependent, and are associated with specialized roles that influence people’s engagements with non-human beings in their daily lives. An understanding of these diverse, enacted conceptions sheds light on nuances of how humans interact with their surroundings
Changing the Scope of Conflict? Voter Registration and George Floyd’s Murder
No full textPrior work has often studied how focusing events---in particular police killings of unarmed people---affect citizens' attitudes. Do focusing events also affect citizens' behaviors---changing the scope of conflict by incorporating prospective voters into the political system? We take as an empirical case the murder of George Floyd. Using nationwide voter file data from the U.S. ( 200 million), we leverage regression discontinuity in time methods to show Floyd's murder noticeably increased voter registration. These effects are present across many individual subgroups---both on the left and the right---and geographic locations. Floyd's untimely death sparked many people from previously marginalized backgrounds to register, but simultaneously also increased registrations among the politically advantaged---thus mitigating any impact on the partisan balance of power. In short, high profile traumatic events like Floyd's death do not appear to disproportionately advantage groups seeking reforms to change the circumstances surrounding his death
When Anxiety Grows With Knowledge: The Role of the Natural Number Bias
No full textAn important source for the difficulties students face with fractions is the natural number bias (NNB), which refers to the phenomenon of applying natural number properties in fraction tasks, even when this is inappropriate (e.g., 1/4+1/3 = 2/7). The present longitudinal study investigates whether this misconception is related to the development of mathematics state anxiety in the domain of fractions. The results indicated that, when a group of students with a clear NNB profile (n = 38) improved their fraction arithmetic understanding they showed an increase in state anxiety measured after the fraction arithmetic task. These results complement previous research by showing that a clear misconception, namely the natural number bias, might influence the development of students’ fraction state anxiety. Importantly, the increase in fraction state anxiety in the low-performing NNB group is not a characteristic of low performing students in general, as a significant decrease in fraction state anxiety was found in low-performing students without signs of the NNB (n = 37). The study highlights the importance of looking at different subgroups of students, as different developmental patterns can be found within qualitatively different groups of students
The Importance of Intellectual Humility for Fostering Effective Communication Between Scientists and the Public
No full textGrowing partisan gaps in confidence in scientists and scientific institutions, and other divisions among Americans across social identities, call for novel approaches to science communication. But common assumptions can often mask the nuanced nature of these divisions and the potential solutions that may be found through this understanding. This perspectives piece focuses on discussions at the colloquium about the need for more nuanced understanding about trust in science, and what research tells us about barriers and opportunities to bridge divisions in science and society. Specifically, in this piece, we highlight the potential for intellectual humility (i.e., willingness to revise one’s views and admit that one might be wrong) to ameliorate both the public’s biases toward scientists and scientists’ biases toward the public. We provide evidence that intellectual humility not only increases public engagement with science but can also reduce scientists’ (mis)conceptions about the public and one another, and we conclude with a discussion of how to foster mutual intellectual humility in science communication
Meditation and Complexity: a Systematic Review
No full textRecent years have seen a growing interest in the use of measures inspired by complexity science for the study of consciousness. The work done in this field has shown remarkable results in discerning conscious from unconscious states, and in characterizing states of altered conscious experience following intake of psychedelic substances as involving enhanced complexity. However, the relationship between meditation and complexity is unclear, as empirical studies based on different theoretical frameworks point to meditation being associated with either enhancement or reduction of complexity. Here we provide a systematic review of the accumulating literature studying the complexity of neural activity in meditation, which disentangles different families of measures, short-term (state) from long-term (trait) effects, and meditation styles. Beyond families of measures used, our review uncovers a convergence toward identifying a higher complexity of neural activity during the meditative state when compared to waking rest or mind-wandering, and a decreased baseline complexity as a trait in experienced meditators compared to novices and controls. This review contributes to guide current debates and provides a framework for understanding the complexity of neural activity in meditation, while suggesting some practical guidelines for future research in the field.
This preprint has been published in Neuroscience of Consciousness on 28th May 2025 under the title Meditation and Complexity: a Review and Synthesis of Evidence.
Please refer to the published version:
Atad, D. A., Mediano, P. A., Rosas, F. E., & Berkovich-Ohana, A. (2025). Meditation and complexity: a review and synthesis of evidence. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2025(1), niaf013. https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niaf013
A network analysis of the semantic evolution of ‘fruit’ and ‘stone’ in Tibeto-Burman languages
No full textThe lexemes ‘fruit’ and ‘stone’ are known as the origins of the numeral classifiers for small round objects in many Tibeto-Burman languages. This paper employs a correlation-based network construction method to investigate the colexification networks of the two concepts in 58 + 68 Tibeto-Burman languages. A total of 104 concepts colexified with ‘fruit’ and 99 concepts colexified with ‘stone’ are organized into macro semantic classes. Semantic networks on the basis of the similarities in colexification patterns of concepts, as well as languages networks on the basis of the similarities in colexification patterns of languages, are constructed for ‘fruit’ and ‘stone’, respectively. The results indicate that classifiers for small round objects evolved from either ‘fruit’ or ‘stone’ are directly colexified with class terms in compound nouns denoting varieties of fruits/stones and the shape class of small round objects, indicating that they are diachronically related. However, ‘fruit’ and ‘stone’ differ significantly in their modes of deriving a classifier. Moreover, languages that have developed classifiers from ‘fruit’ are mostly from the Ngwi subgroup, whereas languages whose classifiers are colexified with ‘stone’ evolved independently