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Part-of-Speech Distribution across Proficiency and Advanced EFL Texts: A Quantitative Comparison for Pedagogical Application
Full text linkThis study investigated grammatical variation between Advanced Masterclass and Proficiency Masterclass EFL textbook and workbook texts to determine whether part-of-speech (POS) distributions change systematically across the CEFR C1–C2 interface. A balanced corpus of 60 reading texts (30 per level) was compiled, POS-tagged with spaCy, and analyzed quantitatively using Welch’s t, Mann–Whitney U, effect sizes, false-discovery-rate correction, and robust 20 % trimmed-mean tests. A multivariate PERMANOVA confirmed a small but significant global difference between levels (F = 2.624, p = .006, R² ? .03). Individual contrasts indicated that Proficiency texts contained relatively higher proportions of determiners and prepositions, while Advanced texts featured greater use of numerals, adjectives, and adverbs. Findings showed small but systematic differences: Proficiency texts used more cohesive, narrative-oriented grammar (determiners, pronouns, prepositions), while Advanced texts showed relatively greater use of informational or expository elements (numerals, comparative adjectives, adverbs). The study illustrates how transparent, code-based POS profiling can reveal subtle grammatical distinctions in pedagogical materials and support evidence-informed textbook evaluation. By combining classical, non-parametric, robust, and multivariate analyses, the approach ensures replicable results and provides a methodological template for future corpus-based research on advanced-level language input. The findings underscore the pedagogical value of aligning grammatical exposure with discourse progression from C1 to C2 in EFL instruction
The Effect of Kinesiotapping and Stretching Exercise on Low Back Pain
Full text linkLow back pain is a common condition associated with reduced physical function, poor mental health outcomes, and a reduced quality of life, and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Low back pain can be treated with physiotherapy. Physiotherapy modalities that can be used to treat low back pain include kinesiotapping and stretching. Various physiotherapy modalities and techniques can be administered to low back pain sufferers, including kinesiotapping and stretching exercises. Kinesiotaping increases flexibility by stimulating stretching of the skin and muscle fascia. Kinesiotaping supports muscle movement, reduces pain, and improves fascial and joint alignment. Kinesiotaping normalizes movement function and nerve signals. These effects result in reduced pain in low back pain. Stretching is a general term used to describe any therapeutic maneuver designed to increase soft tissue extensibility with the aim of increasing flexibility and range of motion by lengthening (elongating) structures that have adaptively shortened and become hypomobile. This study aims to determine the effect of kinesiotaping and stretching on pain in low back pain. The research method used was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest one-group design, comparing the pretest and posttest. The study was conducted at the Mabbulossibatang Clinic and Sekolah Lansia Abdie Harapan. The study was conducted from April to October 2025.The results showed that a combination of kinesiotaping and stretching exercises was effective in reducing pain intensity in individuals with low back pain. The results showed that after undergoing a series of interventions, there was a significant improvement in the level of pain experienced by the subjects. Therefore, the combination of these two therapies can be considered a successful approach to managing low back pain
The Law in Macedonia in the Middle Ages According to the Law on Judging People
Full text linkWhen discussing the law in medieval Macedonia, it is clear that in the early years of the Middle Ages, it was underdeveloped and relied heavily on customary law. Without significant changes, customary law would sometimes transition into written law and vice versa. A significant influence on the law in medieval Macedonia was undoubtedly the Law on Judging People, one of the most renowned historical sources of Slavic law, believed to have been created in the second half of the 9th century or the early 10th century. There is no dispute over the fact that this legal document was modeled on and represents an adaptation of specific articles from Chapter XVII of the Byzantine Ecloga. The Law on Judging People primarily contains criminal law but also includes provisions of private and procedural law. During this period, this code was the main written document that, together with unwritten customary law, constituted the legal framework in medieval Macedonia. Naturally, Byzantine law was also applied in Macedonia at that time. However, with the creation of the Law on Judging People, this law was implemented in Macedonia, and it can be said that it was a much more lenient and tolerant law compared to all previous laws in Byzantium. The Law on Judging People regulated the legal system in this region and, together with customary law, determined punishments. The original manuscript of this document has not been preserved
Pride and Punishment: The Tragic Arcs of Lear and the Earl of Gloucester in King Lear
Full text linkThis paper examines the tragic arcs of King Lear and Gloucester in William Shakespeare’s King Lear, focusing on how their unchecked pride initiates a vicious cycle that leads to anger, revenge, madness, and ultimately, shame and wisdom. Both Lear and Gloucester begin the play as powerful figures whose excessive pride blinds them to the truth and causes them to misjudge their loyal children. Lear’s demand for declarations of love from his daughters leads him to disown Cordelia and fall prey to Goneril and Regan’s betrayal, while Gloucester’s confidence in his judgment allows Edmund to deceive him and frame the innocent Edgar. As each man’s pride spirals into anger and a desire for revenge, they are driven into madness—Lear through mental breakdown and Gloucester through physical blinding. In their suffering, both characters reach a point of shame and regret, ultimately gaining humility and understanding. This paper argues that Shakespeare uses the parallel journeys of Lear and Gloucester to critique the destructive force of pride, illustrating a vicious cycle that leads from power to helplessness and, finally, to wisdom. By analyzing this cycle, the paper sheds light on King Lear as a cautionary tale about human frailty and redemption through suffering
Design of Hot Marshall Asphalt Concrete Mixes by Using Cinder Aggregates for Construction of Sealed Layer of Low Volume Roads in Mbeya Tanzania
Full text linkThe availability of high quality aggregates for production of hot Marshall Asphalt (HMA) mixes for construction of sealed surfacing layer that meet specified standards are becoming scarce. The use of locally available marginal materials shows challenges of not meeting engineering properties for construction of surfacing layers of Low Volume Roads (LVRs). This study investigated stability, flow and volumetric properties of the blended marginal natural cinder aggregates and sand to produce HMA mixes for construction of sealed surfacing layers of low volume roads and 60/70 asphalt was used as binder to aggregates. The 60/70 asphalt binder was sourced from local supplier in Dar es Salaam, natural cinder was sourced from Ituha area and sand materials were sourced from Mbalizi area in Mbeya Region. Physical properties of 60/70 asphalt materials, physical and mechanical properties of natural cinder aggregates and sand were determined under laboratory condition.
The tests performed for 60/70 asphalt binder includes; ductility, penetration, flash point, viscosity and softening point. The test results from characterization of 60/70 asphalt binder indicated that all properties met the requirement to be used for HMA mixes for construction of sealed surfacing layer of low volume roads. The mechanical properties tests performed for natural cinder aggregates and sand includes TFV and ACV. The test results indicated that only sand satisfied requirement for TFV. Blending process of natural cinder aggregates and sand was conducted in order to meet gradation specification of AC20. The results of TFV and ACV for blended aggregates satisfied requirements for HMA mixes for construction of sealed surfacing layers of low volume roads in Mbeya Region Tanzania.
The results of volumetric properties, flow and stability test conducted for HMA mixes are 9.2% optimum asphalt content, 5.5% air voids, 21.6% VMA, 13kN stability and 3 mm flow. It is indicating that optimum asphalt content, void properties, stability and flow met the requirement as HMA materials for the construction of surfacing layers of LVRs in Mbeya Region Tanzania, although the optimum asphalt content is at higher side due to high porosity of cinder aggregate materials. From the results of this study, it is recommended that cinder aggregate materials should be blended with high quality aggregates in order to increase mechanical properties of cinder blended aggregates for hot mix asphalt concretes. It is also recommended that filler materials to be used in order to reduce porosity of cinder aggregate materials which will reduce amount of asphalt contents for HMA mixes
Students\u27 Abilities and Activities Learning in Mathematics at Junior High School: The Discovery Learning Model Using a Scientific Approach
Full text linkThis study has analyzed students\u27 abilities and learning activities by employing the discovery learning model within a scientific approach. We conducted the research in two junior high schools, which included a total sample of 51 individuals. We employed a research methodology utilizing participatory observation techniques to analyze students\u27 learning activities at each educational stage in alignment with the scientific approach. The findings indicated that students are able to build knowledge by using their own sentences without looking at the textbook definition, deduce mathematics concepts based on their work, conclude in narrative rather than formula or calculation, and apply concepts to problem solving. Furthermore, we categorized student learning activities at each stage as good and excellent. The discovery learning model through a scientific approach encourages students to explore mathematical concepts through hands-on activities and problem-solving, fostering a more profound understanding of the subject. Students are able to develop critical thinking skills and a greater enthusiasm for learning mathematics
Pilot Study on the Role of Arts Engagement in Reducing Perceived Stress among Chinese Undergraduates
Full text linkThis pilot study examines the psychometric properties of a newly developed survey instrument aimed at measuring the mediating role of arts engagement in reducing perceived stress among undergraduate students in Shaanxi Province, China. Amid growing concerns over student mental health, particularly in competitive academic environments, this research explores arts engagement as a potentially accessible and non-clinical tool for stress mitigation. The instrument integrates items from validated frameworks, including the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and Self-Determination Theory (SDT), to assess constructs such as intrinsic motivation, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and frequency of arts participation. Data were collected from a pilot sample of 278 university students representing both arts and non-arts majors, recruited through convenience sampling. Statistical analyses included internal consistency checks, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Cronbach’s alpha values for all key constructs ranged from 0.73 to 0.88, indicating high internal consistency. Composite reliability (CR) values and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) also exceeded conventional thresholds, supporting convergent validity. EFA revealed clear factor loadings aligned with theoretical expectations, while CFA confirmed a strong model fit (RMSEA = 0.062, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91). These findings suggest that the instrument is both reliable and valid for capturing the complex interplay between psychological stress and arts engagement. The pilot results justify the implementation of a larger-scale study and offer early empirical support for the integration of creative practices into student well-being strategies in higher education contexts
Research Design and Methods in Community Team Lifestyle Immersion Program for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control
Full text linkPersisting disparities in the control of chronic diseases are linked to several barriers to health prevention, including cultural norms, insufficient attention to health education, lack of access to physical activity, large serving portions, and excess added sodium and sugar by the food industry and restaurants [1]. In line with lifestyle modifications proposed for several decades [2, 3, 4, 5], the goal of this study is to develop and evaluate the efficacy of a Lifestyle Immersion intervention for chronic disease control. The study will be conducted in two settings, the community and the health facility, thus addressing the individual, interpersonal, and organizational levels. This study introduces the team concept in health behavior modification. It will compare the effectiveness of interventions among participants in the study\u27s intervention arm (Team Arm) and the control group (Individual Arm).
Participants will undergo a 6 month intervention adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association\u27s recommendations for blood pressure control and cardiovascular health. Participants will receive education to increase relevant knowledge and training to develop the necessary skills, in addition to strategies for successfully adhering to LS7 and the DASH [6]. The primary study outcomes are systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes measured at enrollment and follow-up at 6 and 12 months. The secondary outcome measures include LS7 and DASH adherence scores at 6 and 12 months, as well as other pre-specified outcomes such as A1c, which assesses nutritional status at 6 and 12 months. The evidence for the effectiveness of lifestyle modification and the primary outcome of the study is controlling blood pressure through lifestyle modifications and promoting optimal health, particularly concerning African American populations [3, 10]
A Comparative Legal Analysis to Inform the Creation of Economic Protections for K-Choreography
Full text linkIn the last decade, cultural exports have become a significant contributor to South Korean soft power and the economy. However, South Korea choreography, which has become a distinctive and internationally recognized characteristic of the multi-billion-dollar K-Pop industry and traditional forms of dance, lacks copyright protection. Various stakeholders are currently attempting to create legal protections for South Korean choreography. This paper offers a comparative legal analysis of copyright protections for choreography that exist in North America, Europe, Asia, and its current status under the international copyright treaty The Berne Convention. An overview of these protections is compared to the existing legal framework of South Korea. Recommendations are proposed for the development and implementation of copyright protection for South Korean choreography based on the comparative legal analysis
Analysis of the Added Value of Hard Candy with Robusta Green Coffee Bean Powder Extract
Full text linkRobusta green beans have a high chlorogenic acid content that is beneficial as an antioxidant, but their bitter and astringent taste limits consumer acceptance. This research aims to analyze the value added of the process of making hard candy based on robusta coffee green bean powder extract using the Hayami Method. The formulation for making hard candy is based on a modification of the research by Regia and Rini (2019), namely 80 g of robusta green bean powder extract, 640 g of sucrose, 160 g of glucose syrup, and 1000 g of water for 1.88 kg of hard candy. The process of making hard candy is carried out through the stages of mixing, heating, molding, and cooling. The innovation of processing into hard candy is expected to increase market acceptance while providing functional value to the product. Primary data was obtained through a laboratory-scale production process, covering raw material costs, other input contributions, labor, and output produced. Hayami\u27s analysis was used to calculate the conversion factor, output value, added value, margin distribution, and profit margin. The Hayami value-added analysis of hard candy production with a heating temperature of 120oC and the addition of 10% robusta green bean powder extract resulted in a conversion factor of 0.87 with an added value of IDR 185,755/kg and an added value ratio of 28%. The net profit obtained reached IDR 172,457/kg or 25.97% of the product value, with the largest margin distribution in other input contributions (29.5%), followed by profit (68.26%) and direct labor income (2.72%)