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ANTINEPHROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF PERSEA AMERICANA (AVOCADO) AND VIBURNUM OPULUS (GUELDER ROSE) AGAINST ETHYLENE GLYCOL-INDUCED NEPHROLITHIASIS IN RATS
Get PDFBackground: Nephrolithiasis is a severe health problem causing morbidity. Chemolisis, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
(SWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), retrograde ureterorenoscopy (URS), and open and laparoscopic surgery are used for
treatment with various success rates. Medical treatments with fewer complications were investigated thoroughly.
Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effects of Persea americana (avocado) leaves and Viburnum opulus (guelder
rose) fruits on nephrolithiasis in an animal model and used 42 rats. The groups received both low and high doses of Persea americana
leaves and Viburnum opulus fruit ethanol extracts orally for 28 days. These two plants have been used for years in Turkey for their
nephrolithiatic effect.
Results: Avocado and guelder rose increased the urine volume and urine citrate levels, decreased urine cystine and oxalate levels, and
lowered the crystal deposits in kidney tissue. Avocado and guelder rose also prevented oxidant damage and crystal formation in kidney
tissue samples.
Conclusion: The two plants that have been used for years for nephrolithiasis treatment in Turkey can safely be used for kidney stones
NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AMORPHOPHALLUS CAMPANULATUS IN STZ INDUCED ALZHEIMER RAT MODEL
Get PDFBackground: The present investigation deals with the assessment of neuroprotective effect Amorphophallus campanulatus (AC) tuber in
alzheimer diseased (AD) rat and also postulates its possible mechanism of action.
Material and Methods: AD was induced by administering streptozotocin i.e. STZ (3 mg/kg, ICV) day one and 3rd day after surgery.
Surgery was performed on anesthetized rats by the help of stereotaxic apparatus. STZ induced AD rats were treated with petroleum ether
extract of AC (100, 200 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days. Effect of AC tuber in AD rats were assessed by estimating the alteration in the
behavior (Y maze apparatus and single trail passive avoidance), biochemical parameter in the brain tissue {Oxidative stress parameters
(SOD, CAT and LPO), amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE)} and histopathological study of brain tissue.
Result: Treatment with AC shows significant (
THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON PHENOLIC COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT METABOLISM IN CALLUS CULTURE OF COMMON DAISY
Get PDFBackground: Exogenous pretreatment of oxidative stress on callus cultures of Bellis perennis L. (common daisy) induced catalase
(CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total phenolic, total flavonoid, total protein and selected commercial phenolic compounds
production and accumulation.
Materials and Methods: The callus culture obtained from B. perennis pedicel explants was incubated on Murashige and Skoog
medium (MS) containing 10 mM H2O2 or 0 mM H2O2 (for control group) for 10 hours. Twenty phenolic compounds (apigenin,
caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, genistein, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, procyanidin-C1, quercetin, rutin hydrate,
vanillic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, hesperedin, naringenin, rosmarinic acid and isorhamnetin)
were detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis in methanolic extracts of 10 mM H2O2 and control treatments.
Results: A predominant phenolic compound was chlorogenic acid followed by rutin hydrate, caffeic acid, luteoline, isorhamnetin,
quercetin, myricetin, apigenin, p-coumaric acid and kaempferol. No gallic acid, genistein, procyanidin-C1, vanillic acid, sinapic
acid, hesperidin and naringenin were detected in H2O2 treatment and control groups of B. perennis. The total phenolic contents
estimated were in the order of H2O2 treatment (285.36 μg/g dw) and control (220.79 μg/g dw) groups. The biosynthesis and
accumulation of kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin and isorhamnetin were only determined in H2O2 treatment callus materials. The
H2O2 pretreatment clearly showed in a raise in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. Finally, a significant positive
correlation between phenolic accumulation and comprehensive activities of CAT, SOD, total phenolic, total flavonoid and proline
was accessible.
Conclusion: The present results suggest that using H2O2 as an elicitor or a stimulant plays a significant enhancement role in special
phenolic molecules biosynthesis and activation of antioxidant metabolism on callus cultures of B. perennis
ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF DIANTHUS SUPERBUSN L. AGAINST HEPATITIS B VIRUS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Get PDFBackground: Hepatitis is a viral infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Limitations of drug used in the management of it opens the
interest related to alternative medicine. The given study deals with the antiviral activity of Dianthus superbusn L. (DSL) against HBV in
vitro & in vivo.
Material and Methods: In vitro study liver cell line HepG2.2.15 was used by transinfected it with HBV. Cytotoxicity stduy was
performed by using different concentrations of DSL such as 50, 100, 200, 500 & 1000 μg/ml. Anti HBV activity of DSL was estimated
by assesing the concentration of HBsAg and HbeAg in cell culture medium by using ELISA. Whereas in vivo study was performed on
ducklings and antiviral activity of DSL (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) was confirmed by estimating the serum concentration of HBV DNA and
histopathology study of hepatocytes in HBV infected ducklings.
Result: Result of the study suggested that >500 μg/ml concentration of hydroalcoholic extract of DSL was found tobe cytotoxic. It was
also observed that DSL significantly (
CYTOTOXIC, α-CHYMOTRYPSIN AND UREASE INHIBITION ACTIVITIES OF THE PLANT Heliotropium dasycarpum L.
Get PDFBackground: The aim of this study was to investigate Cytotoxic, α-Chymotrypsin and Urease inhibition activities of the plant
Heliotropium dasycarpum.
Materials & Methods: Dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the plant were evaluated for cytotoxic, α-Chymotrypsin and
Urease inhibition by using in vivo Brine Shrimp lethality bioassay and in vitro enzymatic inhibition assays respectively.
Results: The methanol extract of the plant exhibited significant cytotoxic activity. Out of 30 brine shrimp larvae, 2 (6%), 26 (86%)
and 28 (93%) larvae were survived at concentration of 1000μg/ml, 100μg/ml and 10μg/ml respectively with LD50; 215.837.
Similarly 21 (70%), 25 (83%), 29 (96%) larvae were survived of dichloromethane plant extract with LD50; 6170.64. The methanol
and dichloromethane extract exhibited 10.50±0.18% and 41.51±0.15% α-chymotrypsin enzyme inhibition respectively with IC50
values of greater than 500 μmol. The methanol extract showed 24.39±0.21% Urease enzyme inhibition with IC50 values of greater
than 400 μmol. While dichloromethane extract has 11.46±0.09% enzyme inhibition with IC50 values of greater than 500 μmol.
Conclusion: The results clearly indicated that Heliotropium dasycarpum has cytotoxic potential and enzyme inhibition properties.
Further study is needed to screen out antitumor and anti-ulcerative agents
PHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION AND TOXICOLOGICAL QUANTIFICATION OF HEAVY METALS AND ADULTERATED ALLOPATHIC CONTENTS IN RAWAND FINISHED DOSAGE FORM OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE HERBAL PRODUCTS
Get PDFBackground: Herbal products of questionable quality create major concern for human population since their production is often not
controlled and regulated.
Material and Methods: Antihypertensive herbal products were subjected to pharmaceutical quality control parameters specified in
Pharmacopoeias, toxic quantification of heavy metals by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and adulterated allopathic
contents were quantified using advanced HPLC techniques.
Results: A lot of variations in pharmaceutical parameters like moisture contents and LOD% values were observed. Also deviations
to a greater extent in weight variation, (P1, P2, P6, P12, P16, P17, P19, and P20), and hardness of the tablets of products (P1, P3, P8
and P11) were found. Friability of tablets of the Products (P3, P9 and P11) was found failed. Heavy metals i-e Fe (1597.20ppm,
1648ppm) in P5, P9, Pb (61.32ppm, 16.59 ppm) in P5, Cr (96.91ppm ,108.48 ppm) in P4, P14, Cd (39.53ppm, 32.31 ppm) in P11,
P12, Cu (28.22ppm, 21.04 ppm) in P15, P17, Zn (80.31ppm,76.27 ppm) in P15, P16, Ni (45.46ppm,22.18ppm) in P9, P13 in toxic
concentrations were detected. Adulterated allopathic contents of Amlpdopine in higher quantities, administered according to
manufacturer dose were found in P12 (20.30 mg/day), Verapamil in P2 (93.50 mg/day), Nifedipine (38.65 mg/day) in P6. Products
P4, P5 and P7 were found to have a combination of Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide and higher concentrations were found in
P5 (10.72 mg/day, 24.75 mg/day).
Conclusion:. The antihypertensive herbal products contained different kind of adulterants. Our findings suggest that effective
regulatory measures should be put in place to address this problem. This will help to decrease the toxic effects of these remedies and
increase the commercialization, internationalization and harmonization of antihypertensive herbal products
ISOLATION OF NOVEL PARA-PENTYL PHENYL BENZOATE FROM MONDIA WHITEI.(HOOK.F.) SKEELS (PERIPLOCACEAE), ITS STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION.
Get PDFBackground: Mondia whitei L. (Hook. F.) Skeels (Periplocaceae) is a medicinal plant used locally in managing pain, fever,
loss of appetite and as aphrodiasc in the South-Western states of Nigeria. However, the fruit is consumed habitually in the
South-Eastern states of Nigeria, leading to speculation that it may possess some central nervous system effect but which has
not been scientifically investigated, hence this study.
Methodology: Fresh fruits of Mondia whitei were collected and identified by a taxonomist. They were chopped into small
pieces and extracted with absolute ethanol. The crude extract was subjected to various chromatographic techniques to
isolate a novel compound whose structure was elucidated from the analysis of the crystal data and by extensive use of
spectroscopy. The structure was confirmed by synthesis. The compound was subjected to anxiolytic and sedative activity
assay. Computational analysis of the receptor binding event of isolated compound at the gamma amino butyric acid A
receptor was also evaluated.
Results: The structure of the compound was elucidated as para pentyl phenyl benzoate. The neuropharmacological
evaluation of the compound indicated significant (
USING DATA MINING APPROACHES TO SELECT ACUPOINTS IN ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION FOR KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Get PDFBackground: Acupuncture and moxibustion are traditional Chinese medicine therapies commonly used to treat knee osteoarthritis
(KOA). Although acupoint selection affects the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion, the basic rules of acupoint selection
are little understood and there is a lack of guidelines regarding prescription. In this study, we used data mining approaches to
investigate the principles of acupoint selection and provide a framework for formulation prescription in acupuncture and
moxibustion for clinical treatment of KOA.
Materials and Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Citation Index, Wanfang database, VIP database, and China National
Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials published in English or Chinese from January 1,
2009 to October 1, 2015 evaluating the effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on KOA. Databases were established.
Frequency statistics and association rule were used to extract and analyze the data.
Results: A total of 876 acupuncture prescriptions and 122 acupoints were included in the analysis. Acupoints were concentrated in
acupoints of fourteen meridians. The most frequently used acupoints were Dubi (ST35), Neixiyan (EX-LE4), Yanglingquan (GB34),
Xuehai (SP10), Liangqiu (ST34), Zusanli (ST36), Yinlingquan (SP9), and Ashi point. The most frequently used meridian was
Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming. Acupoints were concentrated mainly in the lower limbs. 42 acupoint pairs occurred frequently,
and the top acupoint pairing was Dubi (ST35) and Neixiyan (EX-LE4).
Conclusion: Acupoint selection and formulation prescription should focus on locally affected areas, and follow the theory of
meridians, which helps establish guidelines for acupuncture and moxibustion in KOA patients
EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE HYDRO-ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF ZANTHOXYLUM ZANTHOXYLOIDES ON HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN CYCLOPHOSPAMIDE TREATED RATS
Get PDFBackground: The use of cyclophosphamide in cancer therapy is usually associated with challenging immunosuppression which exposes patients to increased risk of anemia and necessitating preventive measures during therapy. This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the root of Z. zanthoxyloides in preventing and/or improving cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression and oxidative stress in rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each and were pretreated oral doses of 75, 150 and 225 mg/kg of the extract for 7 days and then co-administered with 2.5 mg/kg cyclophosphamide for 28 days. Results: The LD50 of the extract was found to be 1682.3 mg/kg. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids and phenols. In the anti-oxidant enzyme assay, CAT was significantly (p < 0.05) increased for animals treated with 150 mg/kg+CP compared to 75 mg/kg+CP and 225 mg/kg+CP. GPx was significantly (p < 0.01) increased in rats treated with 75 mg/kg+CP compared to 150 mg/kg+CP and control. SOD was significantly (p < 0.01) increased in rats treated with 75 mg/kg+CP compared to the control. WBC was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced for 225 mg/kg, 225 mg/kg+CP (p < 0.001), 150 mg/kg+CP (p < 0.001), 75 mg/kg+CP (p < 0.001) and CP administered rats (p < 0.001) respectively compared to the control. LDL and CHOL were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) for rats treated with 75 mg/kg+CP, 225 mg/kg+CP and 225 mg/kg. Conclusion: Findings from this study demonstrates that the hydro-ethanolic root extract of Z. zanthoxyloides could be beneficial in hyperlipidemia and in cases of malignancies with abnormal cholesterol metabolism an effect which may be mediated via combating oxidative stress