ATHMSI Journals
Not a member yet
2062 research outputs found
Sort by
EVALUATION OF THE ANTIGENICITY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF Eimeria tenella BY REPRODUCTIVE INDEX AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF CECAL COCCIDIOSIS VIRULENT LIVE VACCINE IN BROILER CHICKENS
Get PDFBackground: The development of vaccine to control coccidiosis caused by Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) in chickens is intensifying because of the increasing threat of drug resistance to anticoccidial agents. It is important, therefore, to develop a reliable standard method for the assessment of vaccine afficacy particularly antigenicity and immunogenicity become crucial. Evaluation of E. tenella antigenicity and immunogenicity to some low doses can be reflected by reproductive index and histopathological changes.
Materials and Methods: The complete random design of research was used in this study. Sixty of two weeks old broilers were divided into four groups and each group composed 15 replications. The group 1 was chicken group without virulent E. tenella oocyst inoculation. The group 2, 3 and group 4 were chicken group inoculated with virulent E. tenella oocyst at doses of 1.0 x 102, 2.0 x 102, 3.0 x 102, respectively. Then all chicken groups were challenged with E. tenella oocyst at doses of 1.0 x 103. Observation of research that represented antigenicity and immunogenicity was clinical sign, reproductive index, histopathological changes.
Results: On virulent E. tenella inoculation step, some clinical signs such as appetite, weakness, and diarrhea were very slight on all chicken groups. While on challenge test step, there were no clinical signs of all chicken groups except the group 1. For the reproductive index of virulent E. tenella inoculation step, there were no significantly differences in all chicken groups except the group 1. As reproductive index, the same result pattern was seen for histopathological changes.
Conclusion: The low number virulent E. tenella had low reproductive index and few histopathological changes effect that represents a promising strategy to prevent cecal coccidiosis in chickens
CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF MCE1A GENE FROM MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS BEIJING AND H37RV STRAIN FOR VACCINE CANDIDATE DEVELOPMENT
Get PDFBackground: Tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death in the world, especially wherever poverty, malnutrition and poor housing prevail. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain is the most common strain that causes tuberculosis in Indonesia. The wide spread of tuberculosis has been further aggravated by HIV-AIDS and drug resistance. Unfortunately, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as the current vaccine has different protection function and efficacy. According to function analysis, mce1A gene was predicted to have a role in host invasion and survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages.
Materials and Methods: We performed cloning and protein expression of Mce1A gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain as local isolate and standard strain H37Rv as a comparison on the expression system Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Mce1A gene from the strains were amplified by PCR and inserted into the vector pET28a. Each resulting recombinant plasmid was subsequently transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) and Mce1A protein was expressed with IPTG induction.
Results: E. coli BL21(DE3) was succesfully transformed with a recombinant plasmid that contains the Mce1A gene insert with correct orientation and reading frame. There was no mutation found in the amino acids sequence for B and T cell epitope. Mce1A expression in E. coli BL21(DE3) showed a protein band that was higher than expected. The protein was confirmed with Western blotting using anti-His detector.
Conclusion: We assumed that Mce1A recombinant protein that has been expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) is in their dimeric form or alternatively formed aggregates of different sizes
CARRIAGE OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT UROBACTERIA BY ASYMPTOMATIC PREGNANT WOMEN IN YENAGOA, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFBackground: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in pregnancy are associated with significant morbidity for both mother and
baby but its early detection and treatments can prevent unfavorable complications in pregnancy. This study therefore
determined the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and antimicrobial resistance profile of the urinary bacteria among
pregnant women in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: Mid-stream urine samples were collected from 201 apparently healthy pregnant women attending
antenatal clinics in Yenagoa. The samples were analyzed and the organisms identified using standard microbiological
methods. Haemolysin production by the organisms was screened and their antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using
standard assay methods.
Results: A high significant bacteriuria of 119 (59.2%) was predominantly recovered from the pregnant women in their
second and third trimesters. The bacteria isolated; Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus species had 36 – 67% of haemolysin producers. The bacteria exhibited a very high resistance to most of the
antibiotics tested but the resistance to ceftazidime, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin was 28 – 67%. All the Staphylococcus
species exhibited 90% and 85% resistance to cefoxitin (methicillin resistant) and vancomycin respectively. An 89 - 100%
of the bacteria exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance and 72.3% of the screened bacteria phenotypically expressed
Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase production.
Conclusion: The high prevalence of significant bacteriuria with high multi-drug resistance among the study pregnant
women call for regular education on proper personal hygiene and the need for early screening for UTIs during antenatal
clinics as means of controlling the spread of antibiotic resistant organisms and complications in pregnancy
INVASIVE CERVICAL CANCER IN IBADAN: SOCIO-SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS, CLINICAL STAGE AT PRESENTATION, HISTOPATHOLOGY DISTRIBUTIONS AND HIV STATUS
Get PDFBackground: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection persistence is the necessary but not sufficient cause of invasive
cervical cancer (ICC). The effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection have been well documented.
The purpose of this study was to describe our experience on the clinico-pathological characteristics of patients with
cervical cancer and HIV status at a tertiary Hospital in Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study among ICC patients presenting for clinical staging and biopsy
for histological diagnosis at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient theatre of our hospital between January 2009
and February 2011
Results: Sixteen (6.8%) of the 248 patients with histologically confirmed ICC in this study were HIV positive. The
mean age of all the participants was 55.4 (SD±10.2) years with the HIV positive patients’ younger than the HIVnegative
and those that declined HIV testing. Coitarche was at lower age (18 [SD±4.4] vs 22[SD±3.4] years vs
24.5[SD±4.4], respectively). The modal lifetime sexual partners were four, one and two, respectively. Clinically, more
HIV positive patients, presented at advanced stage of ≥ 2B. Also, the adenocarcinoma histological variant was slightly
more among the HIV positive patients.
Conclusion: HIV seemed relatively common among ICC patients and they presented at lower ages, at more advanced
stages, earlier coitarche and more lifetime sexual partners. The proportion of adenocarcinoma histological types was
slightly higher among the HIV positive patients compared with seronegative patients and those with unknown HIV
status. Larger studies to substantiate these findings and ICC-HIV causal relationship are required
CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM ZANTHOXYLUM RHETSA (ROXB.) DC AND ZANTHOXYLUM LIMONELLA ALSTON
Get PDFBackground: Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC and Zanthoxylum limonella Alston are spices for flavouring in indigenous Thai food. They are traditionally used as an aromatic, astringent, antimicrobial, antiseptic and antidiabetic agent. The purpose of this study is to examine their chemical compositions and evaluate antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties of the essential oils.
Materials and Methods: The essential oils of Z. rhetsa and Z. limonella were analysed for phytochemical constituents by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was determined against several bacteria using the microdilution method. Antioxidant capacity was determined by free radical scavenger 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. The anticancer activity was determined with two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and the normal African green monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cell line and using MTT assay.
Results: Sabinene (22.51%) and terpinene-4-ol (32.33%) were found to be major components of Z. rhetsa essential oil while limonene (57.94%) and alpha-phelladrene (15.54%) were the major components of Z. limonella essential oil. Essential oil from Z. limonella exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Z. rhetsa and Z. limonella essential oils exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. The essential oil from Z. rhetsa possessed the ability to inhibit breast cancer cell (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) proliferation and cell viability.
Conclusion: This study suggest that the essential oils from Z. limonella and Z. rhetsa could be applied as safe antibacterial and antioxidant agents for food and have the potential for further development of new anticancer agents
ANTIOXIDANT AND HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECTS OF WATERCRESS (NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE) EXTRACTS IN DIABETIC RATS
Get PDFBackground: Watercress is a semi-aquatic plant used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, such as flu, cough, avitaminosis, and anorexia; it is also used as a diuretic and for hypoglycemia treatment in diabetes. In this study, we report the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity of orally administered aqueous (WAQE), acetonic (WAE), and alcoholic (WOHE) watercress extracts. The effect of subchronic administration of watercress extracts on oxidative stress was also studied.
Materials and Methods: WAQE, WAE, and WOHE were obtained and administered orally. Alloxan (200 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) were applied to induce hyperglycemia in male Wistar rats. Phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as antioxidant activity of the extracts were measured. The acute and subchronic effects (8 weeks) of WAQE were evaluated. The activity of antioxidant enzymes levels of malondialdehyde, hepatic enzyme markers in the serum, and renal function markers, were assessed. Histopathological evaluation of the pancreas, kidney, and liver was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining.
Results: Watercress extracts have high concentrations of phenols, polyphenols, and flavonoids, in addition to a very high antioxidant effect. The hypoglycemic effect of WAQE upon acute administration was 76.6% higher than that of insulin. When administered chronically, glucose levels were normalized on the third week up to the eighth week. Furthermore, the antioxidant enzymes and biochemical parameters improved.
Conclusion: WAQE administration to diabetic rats reduced oxidative stress damage and decreased glucose levels. This study supports the use of this plant for the treatment of diabetes
SPASMOLYTIC, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SALVIA GESNERIFLORA LINDLEY
Get PDFBackground: Salvia gesneriflora Lindley is employed in traditional Mexican medicine for the treatment
of several diseases.
Materials and Methods: The chromatographic profile of three extracts (SgH, SgD and SgM) of this
plant allowed the identification of 11 components in SgH, the presence of rosmarinic (1), chlorogenic (2)
and caffeic (3) acids and quercetin glucoside (4) in SgM and of ursolic acid (5) in SgD. The spasmolytic
(electrically induced contractions of guinea-pig ileum), anti-inflammatory (edema in mouse ear) and
antioxidant potential (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays) of the extracts were evaluated.
Results: SgM showed the highest percentage of relaxation (80.67 ± 1.633%) with no significant
difference (
RABIES IN A SET OF EIGHT-WEEK OLD PUPPIES IN NIGERIA: THE NEED FOR REVIEW OF CURRENT DOG ANTIRABIES VACCINATION SCHEDULE
Get PDFBackground: Rabies is endemic in Nigeria with clinical cases reported mainly in dogs and occasionally in livestock
from all the geo-ecological zones of the country. Detection of rabies virus antigen in puppies at the age of five to ten
weeks and in apparently healthy dogs shedding the virus in their saliva have been reported in some parts of Nigeria.
Material and Method: This report describes a clinical rabies in a set of eight weeks old puppies confirmed by antigen
detection using the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT), the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (DRIT), and
RT-PCR.
Results: it was positive for all test used including the RT-PCR which amplified at 750 bp from the gel electrophoresis.
Conclusion: Occurrence of rabies in puppies of this age, within which they are acquired and owned by other
unsuspecting members of the public, is of grave public health consequences. People that love puppies, especially
children, who are fond of carrying and playing with them, are also faced with the risk of exposure to rabies.
Consequently, review of the existing dog antirabies vaccination schedule at twelve weeks of age in Nigeria, is
recommended to ensure effective immunization of this age group of dogs and for the overall safety of the vulnerable
members of the public
MULTIDRUG RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Get PDFBackground: There is a need to have regular updates from regions where high burden of tuberculosis (TB) have been
reported in order to assist the local and global bodies in their objective to curtail the spread of drug resistant TB
(DRTB). This study presents a situation report of DRTB in Adamawa State which has been identified as one of the
States with high burden of TB in Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: Sputum culture in Lowenstein-Jensen Media, drug sensitivity tests and the GeneXpert
MTB/Rif analysis were used in the identification and drug susceptibility studies of M. tuberculosis isolates obtained
from forty TB patients who were enrolled from three selected hospitals with DOTS facilities in the State.
Results: The age of TB patients range from 17 to 70 years (median = 30 years). Twenty (50 %) M. tuberculosis isolates
were detected by the GeneXpertMTB/Rif analysis while the media culture detected 31 (77.5%). The two methods
however detected rifampicin resistance in 4 (10%) of the total isolates. All rifampicin resistant isolates were multidrug
resistant TB (MDRTB) and three of them were from male patients aged 30, 38 and 45. There was only one case of
resistance to streptomycin, 3 to ethambutol and 6 to isoniazid. Monoresistance were only observed for ethambutol and
isoniazid and it was found in two isolates for each.
Conclusion: There is a need to provide interventions to control MDRTB in the state and to make such interventions
available and closer to the patients
BITTER HERBS OF EASTERN NIGERIA (GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM, VERNONIA AMYGDALINA AND VITEX DONIANA): A REVIEW
Get PDFBackground: The article is a review of three bitter vegetables consumed in South-eastern Nigeria (Gongronema
latifolium, Vernonia amygdalina and Vitex doniana). These vegetables are not very palatable to taste but are highly
famed because of the myriad of illnesses that they are reputed to cure and manage. The different aspects of these
vegetables reviewed are their ethnobotany, zoo pharmacology, bioactivity, phytochemistry and toxicity.
Materials and method: The literatures consulted were searched using electronic search engines (Google, Google
scholar and Pubmed). Substantial amount of literature was consulted but only those directly related to the main review
were selected.
Result: The review revealed that the three bitter vegetables possessed phytochemicals like saponins, flavonoids,
alkaloids among others that justify the claims of curing and managing many of the illnesses that traditional folks
attribute to them. From literature, antimicrobial, antinflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti cancer activities
were attributed to these three bitter herbs. Antinutritional substances like phytate and oxalate reported in these herbs
were not regarded as harmful for human consumption because of the traditional method of processing the vegetables by
squeeze washing in several changes of water.
Conclusion: The three bitter herbs are regarded as beneficial for human consumption and the information should be
disseminated to a large audience.
Key words: V. amygdalina, V. doniana, G