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A REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL USES, PHYTOCHEMICALS AND BIOACTIVITIES OF THE GENUS HYPOESTES
No full textBackground: Plants have been used as a folkloric source of medicinal agents since the beginning of mankind. The genus Hypoestes (family Acanthaceae) includes over 150 species. The ethno-pharmacological studies of the plant belonging to this genus indicated that they possess various bioactivities as cytotoxic, anti-leismanial, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant, and anti-trypanosomal. Furthermore, they have been utilized in different traditional medicines for treating various aliments as eye sores, breast, liver, heart, and skin diseases, respiratory infections, anemia, malaria, scabies, typhoid, hypertension, and gonorrhea. This review focuses on the traditional uses, chemical constituents, and bioactivities of Hypoestes species.
Methods: The information was acquired from a literature searching in electronic databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google-Scholar, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Wiley up to 2017 for publications on genus Hypoestes.
Results: The genus Hypoestes had varied classes of chemical constituents, including diterpenoids, alkaloids, lignans, and pentacyclic triterpenes. Herein, 46 metabolites and more than 30 references have been cited.
Conclusion: This works provides a background for the future studies on Hypoestes species, particularly the species, which have not been extensively explored for separation and characterization of bioactive constituents and pharmacological potentials
THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN BOOSTING IMMUNE RESPONSE: AN OPTIMAL EFFORT FOR TACKLING INFECTION
Get PDFBackground: Many attempts have been made to improve human body resistance towards infection. These attempts were exemplified by promotion of hygiene and the use of antiseptic ingredients, pharmaceutical compounds, and vaccines. To prove an aspect which intentionally less explored was attempt to boosting the host immune responses by creating a psychological balance, which was important aspect of psychological well-being.
Material and Method: These article reviews searched and compiled using database Google Scholar, from 1995 to latest. Search keywords were: immune response, psychological well-being, psychological ill-being.
Results: Based on literature our findings showed that psychological well-being was proven could increase human body immune response. The evidenced were by improvements of several indicators in saliva, blood and plasma. In other way, psychological ill-being was associated with decreased immune responses. Numerous studies compiled and discussed in review also suggested that improving immune response through psychological well-being could increase living comfort.
Conclusion: The psychological well-being could improve the human body immune responses, enhance resistance towards diseases (including infectious diseases), and create a spiritually and physically more prosperous life
ADDITION OF ANTI- Toxoplasma gondii MEMBRANE IMMUNOGLOBULIN Y TO REDUCE NECROTIC INDEX IN MICE’S LIVER
Get PDFBackground The study aimes to determine the effect of administering anti-T. gondii membrane IgY against liver damage
(Necrotic index) and the effectiveness of the antibody’s delivery time.
Materials and Methods This research was a laboratory experiment with five treatments and five replicantions. Each
treatment used female mice (Mus musculus) as animal models. The treatment groups consisted of a P0 group (not infected),
P1 group (infected), P2 group (anti- T. gondii membrane IgY given one day before infection), P3 group (anti-T. gondii
membrane IgY given together with infection) and P4 group (anti-T. gondii membrane IgY given two days after the
infection. A dose of anti- T. gondii membrane IgY as many as 75 ug/head and infectious dose of 10 tachyzoites/head were
given. Four days after infection mice were sacrified and examined. Finally, necrotic index in histopathological liver using
Hematoxylin Eosin.
Results The percentage of necrotic index liver showed that result treatment of P2 and P3 treatment that lower than another
treatment.
Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that administration of anti-T. gondii membrane IgY can reduce liver cell necrotic
index and it was greatest when given before and simultaneously with infection
COMPARISON OF ANTI BACTERIAL EFFICACY OF PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY AND DOXYCYCLINE ON AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS
Get PDFBackground: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.actinomycetemcomitans) is an anaerobic bacterium has been frequently associated with aggressive periodontitis. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment to prevent infection progression that utilizes light to activate a photosensitizing agent. Doxycycline is an antibacterial having pho-tosensitivity. This study aimed to evaluate potential doxycycline as an antibacterial and photosensitizer combine PDT against A.actinomycetemcomitans bacteria.
Material and methods: Samples were distributed to 4 groups as follow: (1) Groups A treated with a diode laser, (2) Group B treated with doxycycline 0,1% and laser, (3) Group C treated only with Doxycycline 0.1%, and (4) Group D no exposure doxycycline/laser. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test at 5% significance level.
Results: In this study, doxycycline 0.1% has the effect of reducing the bacterial viability of (59.60±3.26%). Whereas laser exposure 120 s combined with doxycycline produce the effect of bacterial viability reduction (88.50±2.83%) is not significantly different from the effect of laser 120 s exposure (88.79±2.60%). In clinical treatment, the application of laser exposure is generally at the duration of the exposure time of 30 s. The results of this study indicate that the du-ration of laser exposure 30 s shows a reduction in bacterial viability (44.91±1.69%) equal to the laser and with a com-bination of doxycycline and laser exposure (70.70±2.43%). So at low doses of laser exposure, doxycycline 0.1% com-bined with the laser results in the greatest reduction in bacterial viability, significantly different from laser exposure alone.
Conclusion: at low doses of laser exposure (30s with energy 3.68 J/cm2), doxycycline 0.1% combined with the laser results in the greatest reduction in bacterial viability, significantly different with laser exposure alone
SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM OF ECCB5 GENE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS COMPLEX ISOLATES FROM SUSPECTED PULMONARY TB PATIENTS IN SURABAYA INDONESIA
Get PDFBackground: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) is a group of Mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis
(TB). TB is an infectious disease that remains a global health problem. Indonesia is one of the five countries in the
world where TB is the most prevalent and became the country with tle second largest rate of TB in 2014 and 2015.
MTBC has high pathogenicity that can cause infections in animals and humans. The most common route of
transmission is via airborne droplet nuclei and contact with animals or humans infected with TB. MTBC has many
virulence factors. One of these factors is EccB5 that is encoded by eccB5 gene. EccB5 is a transmembrane proteinconserved
membrane protein and could play a role in inducing damage in host cells, macrophage infection, and may
correlate with active disease. The characterization of eccB5 gene needs to be studied to determine the nucleotide
sequences, which may be associated with active disease. The aim of this research was to analyze the nuclotide
sequences of eccB5 gene of MTBC from suspected pulmonary tuberculosis patients, SNPs of eccB5 gene and possible
correlation with the disease, especially in Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from the Tuberculosis Laboratory, Clinical Microbiology of Dr.
Soetomo Hospital Surabaya Indonesia. DNA extraction used boiling extraction method and continued nucleic acid
amplification using PCR techniques. Primer pairs used eccB5 SK.. The positivity of DNA specific revealed amplicon in
1592 bp. PCR product was sequenced by 1st Base (First BASE Laboratories Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia). The
sequence analysis used Genetyx-Win version 10.0 (Genetyx Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).
Results: Total isolates of Mycobacterium spp. were 28 and those that showed positive MTBC were 24 isolates and 4
nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) using immunochromatographic test (ICT). The amount of homology from
MTBC using blast NCBI was 99%-100%. Two SNPs were found in position c.1277 which revealed replacement of
amino acid in 426 of codon position.
Conclusion: The sequence of eccB5 gene of MTBC showed high significant homology, while proposed nonsynoymous
single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNP) may associated with clinical outcomes.
Keywords: Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex, eccB5 gene, SNP
BIOIMPEDANCE MARKERS AND TUBERCULOSIS OUTCOME AMONG HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS
Get PDFBackground: The changes in body composition markers (weight, fat mass, lean mass, and BMI) over time can be
associated with TB treatment outcome among HIV-infected patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether
changes in fat mass and lean mass were associated with the treatment response among patients with HIV infection and
pulmonary tuberculosis.
Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. Data from HIV-infected patients commencing TB
therapy were analyzed. This included body weight measurement using bioimpedance equipment at baseline, one
month, and two months after starting TB treatment.
Results: The study was conducted in 125 patients, 17 patients (13.6%) died during treatment, of which 5 died during
the first month of treatment, 4 during the second month and 8 after the second month. The group of patients with good
response, increased their weight by 1.3 kg (
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN ETHANOL EXTRACT OF LENTINUS SQUARROSULUS MONT - A NIGERIAN MEDICINAL MACROFUNGUS
Get PDFBackground: The continuous search for new lead compounds of therapeutic importance has become necessary in the face of treatment failures and multidrug resistance plaguing the world. While many plants and higher fungi are sources of bioactive compounds yet to be fully harnessed, understanding the bioactive components in macrofungus could serve as a lead for investigating its biological activities and medicinal potentials.
Materials and Methods: The bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract of Lentinus Squarrosulus, an edible Nigerian macrofungus, were investigated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
Results: There were nine bioactive compounds in this edible macrofungus. Of these compounds, 9,12-Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester (37.39%; RT:39.815) was the highest in quantity, followed by Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (14.49%; RT:36.550). Other fatty acids, their ethyl esters and other compounds identified included 2-Butenethioic acid,3-(ethylthio)-S-(1-methylethyl) ester (4.51%; RT:15.866), n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.74%; RT:36.034), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (11.88%; RT:39.429), 9,17-Octadecadienal,(Z)- (5.01%; RT:39.500), ethyl oleate (5.27%; RT:39.898), 3a,6-Methano-3aH-indene,2,3,6,7 tetrahydro (4.04%; RT:48.379), and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,2 hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (12.68%; RT:48.682). Some of these compounds have antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic as well as cancer preventive activities amongst others.
Conclusion: This study showed the bioactive components of therapeutic potentials in L. squarrosulus while creating a platform for screening, isolating and identifying many bioactive components which may be useful in the treatment of the various ailments, disorders and diseases in the nearest future
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF FIVE EDIBLE MUSHROOM SPECIES FROM KASTAMONU, TURKEY
Get PDFBackground: Hydnum repandum, Cantharellus cibarius, Ramaria fennica, Boletus edulis, and Craterellus cornucopioides are all wild edible mushroom species from the Kastamonu province. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant properties and amino acid contents of these mushrooms.
Materials and Methods: The mushrooms were analyzed for their free amino acid compositions using a high performance Amino Acid analyzer (Biochrom 30). Also, antioxidant activity and total phenolic concentrations of five different mushroom species were studied by using spectrophotometric methods.
Results: The mushrooms contained 17 amino acids (g/100 g): Glutamic acid (2.56–1.11), Alanine (1.49–0.54), Arginine (1.62–6.77), Aspartic acid (1.45–0.81), Leucine (1.08–0.64), Methionine (1.05–0.06), Valine (1.05–0.66), Lysine (1.01–0.57), Serine (0.68–0.38), Cysteine (0.88–0.11), Isoleucine (0.61–0.39), Glycine (0.82–0.35), Threonine (0.82–0.44), Phenylalanine (0.66–0.42), Proline (0.60–0.47), Tyrosine (0.58–0.38), and Histidine (0.48–0.22). The total free amino acid (TAA) contents ranged from 169.2 mg/g in Boletus edulis to 89.1 mg/g in Hydnum repandum. These five different mushroom species contain eight essential amino acid species except tryptophan. The antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was expressed as the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition and IC50 values (mg/mL). The percentage of inhibition ranged from 2.38% to 88.05% and IC50 values ranged from 0.03 to 13.98 mg/mL. The total phenolic content ranged from 0.66 to 7.74 mg/g of dry mushroom extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents.
Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Boletus edulis showed the highest phenolic content and strong antioxidant activity. As a result, the significant linear correlation between the values for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was corroborated in all of the investigated mushroom species, with the exception of Craterellus cornucopioides
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF XINNAONING TABLET IN ISCHEMIC STROKE IN RAT MODEL
Get PDFBackground: Stroke has been considered as the second leading cause of death worldwide. The survivors of stroke experience different level of impair brain function. In China, Chinese traditional medicine had been widely accepted for stroke therapy and prevention. In this study, we developed Traditional Chinese Medicine based Xinnaoning (peace of heart and brain) Tablet and tested its protective role for ischemic stroke in rat model.
Material and Methods: Male Wistar rats (n=60) with 12 weeks old and weight from 180 to 200 gram were randomly divided to five groups (n=12). For the groups with Xinaoning administration, the drug was administrated to rats once per day for 7 consecutive days. The blood clotting time and the thrombus wet weight was measured. Serum samples were collected from each rat for further Measurement of biochemical indicators.
Results: Our results demonstrated that Xinnaoning tablet reduced lactate acid (LD) level and increased lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) in cerebral ischemia model as well as reduced the infarct size caused by stroke. Besides, evaluation of the level of different ATPases suggested Xinnaoning tablet could modulate ATPases activity and confer a protective role in brain. Moreover, analysis indicated Xinnaoning tablet have the anti-coagulation effect in vivo which may contribute to the protection of ischemia.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Xinnaoning tablet may be a potential way for cerebral ischemia prevention
