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AGE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, AND SUBSTANCE USE, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, AND AWARENESS OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN BUKITTINGGI, INDONESIA
Full text linkBackground: The variations in behavioral health issues by sex and age among adolescents in Indonesia have not been comprehensively explored. This study aimed to describe age and gender based differences in alcohol consumption, tobacco and substance use, reproductive health knowledge, and awareness of sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention among high school students in Bukittinggi, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: This study employed a school-based cross-sectional design conducted in Bukittinggi Municipality, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, with a sample size of 254 secondary school students. We used multi-stage stratified clustered sampling technique to select the students, and asked the students to complete self-administered questionnaires during class on a regular school day. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, and the Chi-square test.
Results: The study revealed that while the majority had never used alcohol, tobacco, electronic cigarettes, and substances, there were still some former drinkers and smokers, as well as current smokers and electronic cigarette users, especially among males aged 14-15 years. A small percentage also reported using analgesics and energy drinks. The participants generally received education about AIDS or HIV at school, but there were some misconceptions and stigmatizing attitudes toward HIV-positive individuals. Health education regarding birth control was not universal. Awareness of safe sex or STD prevention methods varied by age and gender, with varying levels of knowledge about abstinence and condom use.
Conclusion: We found slight variations among male and female students. The study findings suggested the need for sex-specific targeted interventions to improve behavioral health issues
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY DETERMINANTS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS BASED ON CLINICAL DIAGNOSES PRIOR TO DEATH AT A NATIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL IN INDONESIA
Full text linkBackground: Mortality in COVID-19 patients is often the result of multiple overlapping clinical complications rather than a single cause. Understanding these patterns is essential for improving clinical outcomes and supporting accurate forensic evaluation.
Aim: This study aimed to identify the clinical conditions contributing to death in COVID-19 patients and to assess the association between the number of co-occurring conditions and patient outcomes.
Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 100 confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to a national referral hospital in Indonesia. Data on demographic characteristics, comorbidities, clinical severity, and outcomes were collected from medical records. Clinical causes of death were recorded and categorized by the number of co-occurring conditions. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for mortality were calculated using logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, comorbidities, and disease severity.
Results: The most frequently documented clinical conditions contributing to death were acute respiratory distress syndrome (68%), respiratory failure (55%), and septic shock (34%). Among patients, 30% had one condition, 45% had two, and 25% had three or more. Compared to patients with a single condition, those with two conditions had an adjusted OR of 2.41 (95% CI: 1.16–4.41), and those with three or more conditions had an adjusted OR of 19.4 (95% CI: 10.73–32.23).
Conclusion: Mortality in COVID-19 is significantly associated with the number of co-occurring clinical conditions. Early detection and integrated management of overlapping complications are essential for reducing fatal outcomes and improving diagnostic accuracy in clinical and forensic settings.
BLOOD URINE POSITIVITY RATE DIPSTICK METHOD ON THE INCIDENCE OF ANEMIA IN URINARY TRACT INFECTION PATIENTS
Full text linkBackground: The prevalence of anemia in children suffering from urinary tract infections with positive hematuria is very high. UTI is confirmed by a complete urine examination including macroscopic, chemical and microscopic examinations. Chemical examination can be carried out using the dipstick method, while urine microscopy involves looking at the image of the urine sediment. One of the parameters on the dipstick is blood. Examination with a reagent strip (dipstick) function to detect erythrocytes, free hemoglobin and myoglobin. So, the presence of erythrocytes, myoglobin or hemoglobin in the urine will give a positive result on the urine blood dipstick parameters, which means hematuria occurs.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical observational method, namely by comparing the results of blood urine examination using the dipstick method, with the results of the erythrocyte index and hemoglobin levels on the incidence of anemia in UTI patients.
Result: The results of the blood urine dipstick examination obtained the highest positive value of 3. The average values for Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC were respectively 10.9 g/dL, 83.3 fL, 28.5 pg, and 34.24%.
Conclusion: The results of the Pearson correlation test obtained a degree of relationship of -0.363 which indicates a weak correlation. Blood urine is negatively related to the incidence of anemia (Hb levels), so that the higher the positive blood urine value, the lower the Hb value
TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC LIMB EDEMA IN ORTHOPEDICS BASED ON THE THEORY OF "BLOOD STASIS LEADS TO WATER RETENTION
No full textBlood stasis leads to water retention" is a classic theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) proposed in the ancient text "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber". This academic concept has traditionally been applied primarily in gynecological clinical diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, this theory has been widely applied in treating traumatic limb edema in orthopedics, demonstrating significant efficacy with minimal adverse reactions. This paper presents a preliminary discussion on the application of this theory in treating traumatic limb edema in orthopedics
VACCINES OVER ANTIBIOTICS: SAUDI ARABIA'S JOURNEY OF MANAGING PEDIATRIC BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
Full text linkBackground: Saudi Arabia had high rates of bacterial meningitis in the late 90s. Children are at highest risk of this devastating disease with poor outcomes.
Objective: The study aims to evaluate the prevalence, causative pathogens, and antibiotic
resistance patterns in pediatric bacterial meningitis cases at a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia.
Materials and Methods: Single-center retrospective chart review and cross-sectional methodology was conducted at King Saud University Medical City (KSUMC) from 2015 to 2023.
Result: Reviewing 8 years of CSF culture results only yielded 37 cases. This is only 0.5% of total hospital admissions over 8 years. The majority of cases were for children under the age of 2 years (82%). Gender of cases was almost equal and there was no seasonal variation. The most common organisms were gram-positive (14, 38%) including Group B streptococcus (GBS) (4, 11%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (4, 11%). Gram-negative organisms caused 8 cases (22%) by 5 different organisms. There was no Haemophilus influenza type B or meningococcus found in any of the CSF cultures. The single sample of Staphylococcus aureus was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and three gram-negative organisms were multidrug resistant.
Conclusion: Saudi Arabia provides an example of the success of a mass vaccination program to curb the burden of pediatric bacterial meningitis. Future efforts should focus on antibiotic stewardship, mass screening of GBS, and adopting additional strains for the pneumococcus vaccine. Further research is needed to address the rising number of gram-negative organisms causing pediatric bacterial meningitis in Saudi Arabia and globally.
SPATIAL MODELING OF RISK FACTORS FOR UNDER-FIVE PNEUMONIA IN ROKAN HILIR DISTRICT, INDONESIA
Full text linkBackground: Under-five pneumonia poses a critical health issue that significantly affects children in Indonesia. Identifying risk factors based on spatial models is essential for developing comprehensive and sustainable disease-prevention strategies.Objectives: This study aimed to identify risk factors and develop a spatial model of the distribution of under-five pneumonia cases in Indonesia based on regional vulnerability.Materials and Methods: This study used a mixed-method approach that integrated mathematical models and GIS to identify risk factors using the GPR model and developed a GIS-based spatial model with IDW and natural break methods.Results: The GPR model found that an increase in under-five pneumonia cases was associated with population density (β = 0.004, Z-score = 6.118), rainfall (β = 0.002, Z-score = 6.031), malnutrition (β = 1.786, Z-score = 3.696), and health facilities (β = 0.073, Z-score = 13.527). In contrast, exclusive breastfeeding (β = -0.004, Z-score = -2.874), healthy homes (β = -0.021, Z-score = -9.532), and under-five health service coverage (β = -0.003, Z-score = -2.225) decreased under-five pneumonia cases. The spatial distribution model of vulnerable regions by risk factors resulted in the classification of high-risk (5 subdistricts), medium-risk (11 subdistricts), and low-risk (3 subdistricts) areas.Conclusion: This study confirmed significant risk factors and the spatial distribution of vulnerability levels for under-five pneumonia. The results highlight the need for comprehensive and integrated program interventions targeting vulnerable areas to achieve the global goal of reducing the incidence of pneumonia to less than 12 cases per 1,000 children under five in 2030
DETERMINANTS AND MAPPING LEPTOSPIROSIS INCIDENCE IN KEBUMEN, INDONESIA: CASE-CONTROL STUDY
No full textBackground: Leptospirosis is a health concern with a high mortality rate. As of 2022, 9.8% of Indonesians are vulnerable to leptospirosis, and Kebumen Regency has been recognized as an endemic area since 2012. This study aims to identify the determinants and map the incidence of leptospirosis in Kebumen, Indonesia, in 2023.
Material and Methods: This study used a 1:1 sample of 53 cases and 53 controls in a case-control study design. Each group was sampled using a purposive sampling technique. Cases were defined as individuals seeking care at a health center or hospital and identified as leptospirosis patients in 2023, while controls were individuals living nearest to the cases. Data analysis for this study involved the use of a logistic regression model.
Results: Individuals with a history of wounds have 40.20 times higher odds of experiencing leptospirosis. Men have 2.58 times higher odds of experiencing leptospirosis, while poor use of personal protective equipment (PPE) increases the odds by 2.27. Leptospirosis risk is elevated in areas where rats and standing water are prevalent, as these factors are typically found nearby. Furthermore, pets at risk are commonly found in high-risk areas.
Conclusion: History of wounds, sex, and use of PPE are factors that can predict the incidence of leptospirosis. Environmental determinant mapping is observed in high-density, geographically proximate locations
DOES COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECT THE ELIMINATION OF TUBERCULOSIS? LESSONS LEARNED FROM INDONESIA
Full text linkBackground: Tuberculosis is one of the tropical diseases which still exist in the tropical country specifically Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the recent epidemiology of tuberculosis before and during the pandemic of COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: Data were collected from East Java Health Profile 2019 and 2020 which was provided by East Java Health Officer. Data were extracted and analyzed by statistical software SPSS and QGIS Application for the geographical map interpretation.
Results: This study shows that the total cases of tuberculosis in 2019 was 606,985 cases, while in 2020 was decreased to 384,752 cases. The incidence rate of tuberculosis in 2019 was 224.98 per 100,000 populations, while in 2020 was 134.58 per 100,000 populations. The province with the highest amount of tuberculosis in 2019 was West Java with 143,935 cases, and also in 2020 with 90,905 cases. The province with the lowest number of tuberculosis was North Kalimantan with 2,113 cases, while in 2020 were 985 cases. The highest incidence rate of tuberculosis in 2019 was found in Jakarta which was 443,47 per 100,000 population, while in 2020 was found in Papua which was 279.92 per 100,000 population. The lowest incidence rate in 2019 was found in Bali Province which was 102.72 per 100,000 population, while in 2020 was 67.43 per 100,000 population.
Conclusion: There was a decrease in TB cases before the COVID-19 pandemic (2019) compared to during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020).
THE REPLICATION EFFICIENCY OF DENGUE VIRUS SEROTYPE 1 ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH DENGUE FEVER IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTE CELL LINES
Full text linkABSTRACT
Background. The Efficiency of viral replication in cells depends on the capability of supporting virus replication by the cells. We characterized the effectiveness of Dengue Virus Serotype 1 (DENV-1) replication in various cell lines and various multiplicity of infection (MOI) starting from 2 FFU/cell up to 0,3125 FFU/cell.
Material and Methods. We used HepG2 and Huh-7 human hepatocyte cell lines and in addition, we also used nonhuman kidney cells (Vero cells). DENV-1 strain IDS 11/2010 was isolated from DF patients and previously propagated in Huh7 and Vero cells as DENV-1-adapted Huh-7 and DENV-1-adapted Vero cells, respectively. Huh7 cells, Hep G2 cells, and Vero cells were infected with DENV-1 at various MOI and incubated for 48 hours at 370C with 5% CO2. DENV-infected cells were determined by indirect immuno-peroxidase staining using 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB). DENV-1 infected cells as foci were counted under inverted light microscopy and were used to determine the virus titer.
Result. The virus was adapted to Huh-7 and Vero cells, with results showing that Vero cells exhibited the highest replication efficiency, evidenced by significant viral titers. Among human hepatocyte cell lines, DENV-1 demonstrated greater replication in Huh-7 cells than in HepG2 cells. Notably, no foci formation was observed in HepG2 cells after 48 hours of infection.
Conclusion. These findings underscore the suitability of Vero and Huh-7 cells as optimal environments for DENV-1 replication, offering valuable insights for enhancing laboratory diagnostics and advancing antiviral strategies and vaccine development against DENV-1.
Keywords: Huh-7, HepG2, Vero, DENV-1, Efficiency, Replicatio
CIRCULATING VIRAL RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS AS CAUSATIVE AGENT FOR SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS IN MOROCCO: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Full text linkBackground: Numerous microorganisms are linked to acute respiratory infections, with increasing focus on viruses as significant pathogens, particularly following the emergence of severe acute respiratory infections. we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of respiratory viruses in patients with acute respiratory infections in different regions of Morocco.
Materials and Methods: Our study was conducted in accordance with the methodological criteria of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). We systematically reviewed studies having using databases of PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science between 2000 and 2023. The protocol of the review was registered in the PROSPERO register (CRD42023372751). Twenty-three studies were included in the review. Results: The prevalence of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)2009 varied widely, ranging from 8% to 96%, with almost all studies reporting proportions exceeding 30%. Seasonal influenza had a prevalence ranging from 0.88% to 17%. Among children, four studies examined Respiratory Syncytial Virus prevalence, estimating rates between 18% and 36.47%. Additionally, four studies assessed Respiratory Syncytial Virus prevalence across all age groups, reporting rates from 12% to 53.8%. Three studies found Rhinovirus prevalence in children exceeding 50%, while six studies investigating populations of all ages reported rates from 5.8% to 38%.
Conclusions: This review suggests that Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus have a considerable prevalence in the samples studied in the different cities of the Kingdom of Morocco