Revista Agro Productividad
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Relationship between Vegetation Indices and Pinoxaden Toxicity in Two Populations of Avena fatua L.
Get PDFObjective: To study the relationship between vegetation indices and the toxicity of the herbicide pinoxaden on two populations of Avena fatua L.
Design/methodology/approach: A completely randomized design with a 2x4 factorial arrangement was used in the laboratory, with factor A being the two populations of Avena fatua and factor B being the four concentrations of the pinoxaden herbicide (0, 30, 60 and 120 g a.i. ha-1). The percentage of control, plant height and the GA and GGA vegetation indices were evaluated. The data were analyzed with an ANOVA and a comparison of means was performed with the Tukey test (α=0.05). The relationship between the control percentage and vegetation indices was determined by Pearson correlation analysis.
Results: There was a higher percentage of control, plant height, GA index and GGA index in the Avena fatua population from alfalfa compared to the wheat population, indicating that pinoxaden has greater phytotoxicity for the alfalfa population. A negative correlation was observed between the control percentage and the GA index for the two populations regardless of the evaluation time, a similar negative correlation was found for the GGA index in both populations. This indicates that the GA and GGA indices decrease as the control percentage increases.
Findings/conclusions: The GA and GGA indices were inversely correlated with the control percentage of the herbicide pinoxaden. The GA and GGA indices obtained through digital camera images are feasible to estimate the toxicity levels of the herbicide pinoxaden
Assessment of Harvest Losses in Mejhoul Date Variety in Northwest Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To assess date losses during harvest and identify the factors causing them.
Design/methodology/approach: A complete randomized block design with ten repetitions was used; the different farms where data on the evaluated variables were taken were the treatments. In each treatment, 10 plants were selected from which data on average fruit weight, polar and equatorial fruit diameter, fruit weight, number of clusters per plant, and yield in tons per hectare were taken.
Results: For yield in tons per hectare of good fruits during the date harvest in the 2023 cycle, an average of 11 t ha-1, 14 t ha-1, 8 t ha-1, and 15 t ha-1 was found for the plantations of El Pólvora, El Pino, Las Palmas and Cucapah respectively. In losses during the harvest, Cucapah Farm presented the highest losses with an average of 1.2 t ha-1, while El Pino was the one that presented the lowest losses with an average of 0.7 t ha-1. Fruits with a percentage greater than 10% of peeled skin are also considered losses during the harvest, because they cannot be marketed for fresh consumption.
Limitations on study/implications: Data were collected only from the harvest; exact dates of irrigation and fertilizer application are not available as the study was conducted with cooperating producers. This factor is crucial for the quality and yield of date palm cultivars.
Findings/conclusions: The age of the plant represents a significant difference in the yield per hectare due to the number of clusters it has; the more clusters it has, the higher the yield. The relative humidity directly affects the quality of the dates, and there are a more significant number of bulging fruits (with peeled skin). In this evaluation, we found that the rains during August and September 2023 significantly affected the losses during the date harvest in that season
Selection and chemical composition of plant species consumed by goats under drought conditions in three microregions of the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the plant selection of the diet of goats during the dry season and the chemical composition of the said plants in three microregions of the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Three microregions were identified within the Comarca Lagunera: 1) mountain slope, 2) plain, and 3) cultivation areas. The selection of the goat diet, the availability of forage, and the nutritional composition (CP, EE, DNF, AFD, NFC, TDN, and NEl) of plant species and strata were evaluated in the three microregions.
Results: The shrubs and herbaceous in the Comarca Lagunera had the highest forage availability and a better nutritional profile during winter. On the one hand, these plant strata had an adequate protein content. On the other hand, the overall energy content reached <1 Mcal kg-1 DM.
Study Limitations/Implications: The plant strata have an adequate protein content; however, the energy content is not enough and limits growth. Consequently, supplementation programs for grazing dairy goats in the Comarca Lagunera must include sources of energy.
Findings/Conclusions: Regardless of the microregion, the energy content of the species consumed by grazing dairy goats in the Comarca Lagunera is low
Effect of cryopreservation of in vitro produced embryos on pregnancy rate of cows transferred at fixed time in the dry tropics
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of cryopreservation (CP) of in vitro produced embryos (EIV) on the pregnancy rate (PR) of cows transferred at fixed time (FTET) in the dry tropics. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2×2 factorial arrangement. The sample consisted of 280 embryos produced in vitro. The factors were the CP (vitrified and fresh) and the Rural Development District (DDR 01 and 02). The experiment consisted of 70 replicates per treatment: T1) fresh transferred embryos; T2) vitrified embryos; T3) DDR + fresh embryos; and 4) DDR + vitrified embryos. The pregnancy diagnosis was carried out 60 days after embryo transfer. The Xi2 test was used to analyze PR which was the response variable per treatment. PR was higher in fresh-transferred embryos than in vitrified embryos (53.6±4.2 vs 27.1±3.7; P<0.05), and in DDR02 than in DDR01 (47.1±4.2 vs 33.6±3.9; P<0.05). Therefore, the transfer of fresh embryos and the DDR02 had a positive overall effect on PR (40.3%)
Corn kernel and corn fodder yield in four maize varieties in the humid tropics of Mexico
Get PDFIn southeastern Mexico, maize is planted for its corn kernel. Additionally, its bracts are used for tamales and handicrafts, its cobs are used as vegetables for human consumption, and its fodder is used to feed cattle.
Objective: To evaluate the growth and yield of maize planted for corn kernel and fodder production in Loma Bonita, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The DK7500, H-520, A7573, and VS-536 maize genotypes were used as treatments for the production of corn kernel and fodder, using a randomized blocks design with three replications. Several variables were measured: plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area. Finally, the corn kernel and fodder yields were estimated (kg ha-1) at the time of harvest.
Results: The genotypes under study showed significant differences (P£0.05) in plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf area. The A7573 genotype recorded the highest corn kernel yield (20,409 kg ha-1), while fodder yield was statistically the same in the four genotypes.
Study Limitations/Implications: An analysis of different environments in a multi-year period would help to verify the information obtained.
Findings/Conclusions: A7573 maize had the highest corn kernel yield (20,409 kg ha-1): 15.5% higher than that of H-520 and 12.5% higher than VS-536 (control). Fodder yield was statistically similar between genotypes, ranging from 40,529 kg ha-1 (H-520) to 42,104 kg ha-1 (VS-536)
Analysis of the growth of Chetumal grass established in a tropical climate
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the growth of Chetumal grass (Urochloa humidicola CIAT 679), in order to determine the optimal moment for the first harvest.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A completely randomized experimental block design, with measurements repeated over time, and three repetitions was used. Morphological composition (MC), growth rate (GR), plant height (PH), intercepted radiation (IR), leaf:stem ratio (L:S), leaf:no-leaf ratio (L:NL), and aerial biomass (AB) —as well as leaf biomass (LB), stem biomass (SB), dead material (DM), net growth (NG), and total biomass (TB)— were evaluated every fifteen days, except for the two first samplings, which were carried out on a monthly basis. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of the SAS software and Tukey’s mean comparison test (α£0.05).
Results: The morphological composition (MC) of the Chetumal grass was statistically different (p<0.05), during the different growth ages. The maximum accumulation of total biomass (TB) (13,324 kg DM ha-1), leaf biomass (LB) (2,569 kg DM ha-1), and growth rate (GR) (99 kg DM ha-1 d-1) was reached at 135 DAS. On that day, the prairie reached a 68 cm plant height (PH) and 100% intercepted radiation (IR). The L:S ratio decreased from 1.62 to 0.31, while L:NL ratio changed from 1.62 to 0.22.
Study Limitations/Implications: The Brachiaria humidicola cv. Chetumal grass reached its highest potential during the rainy season.
Findings/Conclusions: The first cut of the Urochloa humidicola cv. Chetumal grass can be carried out at 135 DAS, when the highest accumulation of total biomass (TB), leaf biomass (LB), and growth rate (GR) is recorded
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaves as growth promoter in lambs’ diets
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the dietary inclusion of neem leaves on the productive and biochemical performance of fattening lambs. Design/methodology: Forty male lambs were assigned according to a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of dietary inclusion of neem at 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g kg-1 dry matter by 35 days. Results: The inclusion of neem leaf in the diet did not affect productive performance (P>0.05), while protein and energy metabolites were modified (P≤0.05). Study limitations/implications: The bioactive compounds present in neem modified the metabolites related to protein and energy metabolism, although these changes did not reflect improvements in productive performance. Conclusions: The inclusion of dietary neem (2.5-7.5 g kg-1) has no effect on the productive performance, although it modifies some energy and protein metabolites.Objective: To evaluate the dietary inclusion of neem leaves on the productive and biochemical performance of fattening lambs.
Design/methodology: Forty male lambs were assigned according to a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of dietary inclusion of neem at 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g kg-1 DM for 35 days.
Results: The inclusion of neem leaf in the diet did not affect the productive performance (P>0.05), while protein and energy metabolites were modified (P≤0.05).
Limitations on study/implications: The bioactive compounds present in neem modified the metabolites related to protein and energy metabolism, although these changes did not reflect improvements in the productive performance.
Conclusions: The inclusion of dietary neem (2.5-7.5 g kg-1) has no effect on the productive performance, although it does modify some energy and protein metabolites
Honey as a micro-bacterial agent: identification method of the compounds that inhibit pathogenic bacteria
Get PDFObjective: The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the scientific evidence supporting the use of Apis mellifera honey as an antibacterial agent.
Design/methodology/approach: An exhaustive review of scientific literature was carried out, the collected information was about the different kinds of honey that have been reported to have antibacterial properties, the compounds related to such activity, the main chromatographic methods used for their identification, and the pathogens that have been studied.
Results: The antibacterial properties of honey have been widely studied internationally, especially in monofloral honeys, focusing on the ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria using different methods such as agar diffusion, disk diffusion, and broth and agar dilution. These properties have been attributed to its high sugar content, low moisture content, its acidic pH, as well as the diversity of chemical compounds it contains, mainly highlighting molecules such as hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal, phenolic acids, flavonoids, peptides, glycopeptides and diverse proteins identified by chromatographic analysis.
Limitations on study/implications: Currently honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a food with great potential to be used as an alternative to the problem of antibiotic resistance of certain pathogens to antibiotics.
Findings/conclusions: Bee honey has the ability to inhibit bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aeruginosa and Enterobacter especie among other types of bacteria, both Gram positive and negative bacteria. This ability can be attributed to the diversity of chemical compounds found in honeys and these compounds vary widely depending on the vegetation that surrounds the hives; therefore, the geographical origin of honey makes it unique in terms of its composition and antimicrobial activity.Objective: To provide an overview of the scientific evidence that supports the use of Apis mellifera honey as an antibacterial agent.
Design/Methodology/Approach: An exhaustive review of scientific literature was carried out. The collected information included the different honey types that, according to the reports, have antibacterial properties. In addition, the related compounds, the main chromatographic methods used for their identification, and the main pathogens that have been studied were analyzed.
Results: The antibacterial properties of honey (especially monofloral honeys) have been widely studied worldwide, focusing on their capacity to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. The different methods used to study honey include agar diffusion, disk diffusion, and broth and agar dilution. These properties have been attributed to honey, as a result of its high sugar content, low moisture content, and acidic pH, as well as the diversity of the chemical compounds —mainly hydrogen peroxide, methylglyoxal (MGO), phenolic acids, flavonoids, peptides, glycopeptides, and different proteins— that were identified by a chromatographic analysis.
Study Limitations/Implications: Currently, the honey of bees (Apis mellifera) has great potential as an alternative to combat the antibiotic resistance of certain pathogens.
Findings/Conclusions: Honey can inhibit both gram-positive and -negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aeruginosa, and Enterobacter. These characteristics are the result of the diverse chemical compounds of honey. In addition, these compounds widely change depending on the vegetation that surrounds the hives; therefore, honey from different geographical origins has unique characteristics, in terms of its composition and antibacterial activity
Competitive management for export of roses from Mexico to Canada
Get PDFObjective: The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of the international rose market between Mexico and Canada and propose effective management strategies that could be applied in rural economic units to strengthen the position of Mexican roses in the Canadian market.
Design/methodology/approach: The methodological process used the deductive approach. First, an in-depth analysis of the rose market in Canada was carried out, and competitive management strategies subsequently were determined. The information was collected on agri-food documentary and statistical information platforms at the national and international levels.
Results: Mexico has excellent agri-environmental conditions, efficient international logistics, solid infrastructure, a current trade agreement with Canada (T-MEC), and outstanding experience in the agricultural production of roses. Additionally, there is important demand in the Canadian rose market, which has so far been dominated primarily in recent years by Colombia and Ecuador.
Limitations on study/implications: It is a research that can be used as a reference for any agricultural producer, rural production company, or international trade company that wants to enter the rose market and export from Mexico to Canada.
Findings/conclusions: Finally, this study shows the importance of taking advantage of available commercial opportunities and promoting synergy between the public and private sectors to promote the growth of the rose agroindustry in Mexico and contribute to the economic development of the country. With a smart approach and strategic execution, Mexico has the potential to become a prominent player in Canada's rose export market in the coming years.
Keywords: Agribusiness, social welfare, international trade, cut flowers, competitive management.between Mexico and Canada and to propose competitive management strategies that could be implemented in the rural economic units to consolidate the presence of Mexican roses in the Canadian market.
Design/methodology/approach: The methodological process to fulfill the objectives of this study uses the deductive approach, since we start from an analysis of the rose market in Canada in order to determine the competitive management strategies. Gathering information was conducted in platforms of agrifood documental information and statistics in the national and international spheres.
Results: Mexico has excellent agro-environmental conditions, efficient international logistics, solid infrastructure, a valid trade agreement with Canada (T-MEC), and outstanding experience in agricultural production of roses. In addition, there is a significant demand in the Canadian rose market that has been dominated in recent years and until today by Colombia and Ecuador.
Limitations on study/implications: It is a study that could be used as reference for any agricultural producer, rural production society, of international trade company that wants to penetrate the rose market and its exports from Mexico to Canada.
Findings/conclusions: Finally, this study evidences the importance of taking advantage of the available commercial opportunities and to promote synergy between the public and private sectors to drive the growth of agroindustry of roses in Mexico and to contribute to economic development of the country. With an intelligent approach and strategic execution, Mexico has the potential of becoming a prominent actor in the export market of roses to Canada in the coming years
Evaluation of three forages as a source of fiber in diets of fattening rabbits in Aguascalientes, Mexico
Get PDFThe objective was to evaluate three forages as a source of fiber in fattening rabbit diets. Mesquite pods, oats and alfalfa hay were used in mixed diets. Thirty-six 1-month-old weaned male rabbits were randomly distributed into three treatments (T1, oat diet; T2, mesquite pod diet; T3, alfalfa diet) for 50 days of fattening. Feed intake, daily weight gain, final gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded. At the end of the experiment, the animals were slaughtered to evaluate the carcass performance. Data were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance and comparison of means test. There were no significant differences in the growing period, but in fattening, T1 was higher than T2 and T3 (P<0.05) and the latter higher than T2 in daily weight gain, total weight gain and dry matter digestibility. Feed conversion ratio was the opposite, T1 and T3 were lower than T2. Carcass yield was higher in T1 than T2 and T3 and the latter, higher than T2. No differences were observed among treatments (P> 0.05) in feed intake. A higher digestibility and better productive parameters were obtained with the inclusion of oats and alfalfa hay in the diets, than using mesquite pods; however, the production costs were higher. The limitation of the study is the low level of preference of rabbit meat in Mexico. The mesquite pods represent a viable alternative due to their low cost and availability in semi-arid regions where there are no water resources for forage production.
Key words: Productive parameters, oats, mesquiteObjective: To evaluate three forages as a source of fiber in the diets of fattening rabbits.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Whole grain diets with forage oat, mesquite pod, and alfalfa were used. Thirty-six weaned male rabbits were randomly distributed into three treatments (T1, forage oat diet; T2, mesquite pod diet; T3, alfalfa diet). Feed consumption, daily weight gain, total weight gain, and feed conversion were recorded. The animals were slaughtered to evaluate carcass yield. The data were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance and Tukey’s test.
Results: T1 recorded greater fattening than both T2 and T3 (P<0.05) and the last treatment surpassed T2 in daily weight gain, total weight gain, and feed digestibility. Regarding feed conversion, T1 and T3 had lower results than T2. In carcass yield, T1 was higher than T2 and T3 —which, on its turn, surpassed T2. Finally, no differences were observed in feed consumption between treatments (P> 0.05). There were also no significant differences in growth.
Study Limitations/Implications: Mexicans have a low consumption of rabbit meat. The mesquite pod could be a viable alternative due to its low cost and availability in semi-arid areas.
Findings/Conclusions: Forage oat recorded the best productive parameters, followed by alfalfa and mesquite pod; however, the latter had a greater economic advantage