Revista Agro Productividad
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Pigmentation and production of vitamins in mango (Mangifera indica L.)
Get PDFMango (Mangifera indica L.) is the fifth most cultivated vegetable in the world. One way to classify the mango is according to the color of the peel, they are classified as green, yellow and red. Color is a visual attribute that defines consumer preference in some countries. This diversity of pigmentation is defined by families of genes that code for the production of proteins, which lead to biosynthetic pathways responsible for the production of vitamins and their precursors. In Mexico there is a wide range of colors in the native mango germplasm, which could represent an important source of antioxidants, pigments and would bring benefits for the human health of Mexicans, through the consumption of fresh fruit, or commercial / industrial exploitation of these. According to the literature, this diversity of colors represents a genetic wealth that could be exploited in the genetic improvement programs of the species in the country, to generate new varieties with desirable characteristics in the national and international market. In order to gather and discuss information that contributes to understanding the biochemical and genetic processes that determine said pigmentation and the production of vitamins in mango, this review makes a description of the main genes involved and the biosynthetic pathways of the most common pigments, considering the impact on human health when consuming them, and highlighting the challenges and opportunities that could arise from the use of pigments from Mexican germplasm.Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the fifth most cultivated plant in the world. One way to classify mango is according to the color of the skin; mangoes are classified as green, yellow and red. Color is a visual attribute that defines consumer preference in some countries. This pigmentation diversity is defined by families of genes that encode for protein production, which lead to biosynthetic pathways responsible for the production of vitamins and vitamin precursors. In Mexico there is a wide range of colors in the native mango germplasm, which could represent an important source of antioxidants, pigments and would bring benefits to the human health of Mexicans, through the consumption of the fresh fruits, or the commercial/industrial exploitationof these. According to the literature, this diversity of colors represents a genetic richness that could be exploited in the genetic breeding programs of the species in the country, to generate new varieties with desirable characteristics in the national and international market. In order to gather and discuss information that contributes to the understanding of the biochemical and genetic processes that determine such pigmentation and the production of vitamins in mango, this review describes the main genes involved and the biosynthetic pathways of the most common pigments, considering the impact on human health when they are consumed, and highlighting the challenges and opportunities that could be derived from the utilization of pigmentsfrom the Mexican germplasm
Stability of milk from dual purpose cows with different types of feeding
Get PDFObjective: to determinate stability of alcohol-proof milk in cows with different feeding strategy in tropical dairy system. Design/methodology/approach: Ten cows crosses Holstein x Zebu with high frequency to alcohol-positive milk were housed in individual pens and distributed into two groups. Experiment 1. T1: cows were fed dry Pangola (Digitaria eriantha) grass; T2: cows were fed green Maralfalfa (Pennisetum violaceum) grass. Forage was provided at libitum. Experiment 2. T1 cows were supplemented with a higher crude protein percentage and metabolizable energy concentrated than T2, this was gradually increased to 4 kg. Milk was subjected to alcohol test. Analysis of variance was performed under categorical data models. Results: Higher percentages of alcohol positive test cases were observed in cows fed with dry grass than those fed with green grass (P<0.05). Addition of concentrate to dry or green forage diets reduced the positive percentage cases. Implications: A balanced diet improves milk stability. Findings/conclusions: The improvement in the nutritional contribution of the cows decrease the percentage of alcohol-positive test.Objective: To establish milk stability using the alcohol test in cows with different feeding strategies in the tropical dairy system.
Design/methodology/approach: Ten crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows whose milk frequently tested positive to the alcohol test were housed in individual yards and distributed into two groups. Experiment 1. T1: cows consumed dry Pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha); T2: cows consumed green Maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum violaceum). Forage was provided ad libitum. Experiment 2. T1 cows were supplemented with a concentrate with higher crude protein and metabolizable energy percentage than T2 cows; this percentage was gradually increased up to 4.0 kg. Milk was subjected to alcohol testing. Variance analyzes were performed under categorical data models.
Results: Higher percentages of cases that tested positive for alcohol were observed in cows that consumed dry grass than in cows that consumed green grass (P<0.05). The concentrate addition to diets based on dry or green forage reduced the positive case percentage.
Implications: A balanced diet improves milk stability.
Findings/conclusions: The improvement in the cows’ nutritional value decreases the percentage of milk with positive results in the alcohol test
Effect of Enerplant® doses on the development and nutrient use by cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the effect of the application of doses of a biostimulant on the development, absorption and efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium utilization by cocoa seedlings.
Design / methodology / approach. In a completely randomized design, 4 doses of Enerplant® (0; 1; 2; 3 and 4 mL ha-1.) applied to cocoa seedlings grown under saran mesh were studied. The biostimulant was applied monthly via foliar. To determine the absorption of nutrients, 3 plants of each treatment were divided into leaves, stems and roots, dried for 72 hours at 65 ° C; they were ground, packaged, labeled, and sent to the laboratory, where the macronutrients of each component were determined.
Results. The cocoa seedlings responded positively to the application of the biostimulant. As an average of the two years of study, Enerplant® in doses of 1 mL ha-1 significantly increased height (24%), dry mass (30%); the quality index (58%) and the foliar area (56%) of the cocoa seedlings. Doses higher than 1 - 2 mL ha-1 decreased plant growth. The pattern of nutrient absorption by cocoa in the nursery phase behaved in the order potassium> nitrogen> phosphorus
Conclusions. The efficiency of nutrient utilization, regardless of the Enerplant® dose applied, was higher for phosphorus followed by nitrogen and finally potassium The application of the biostimulant in doses of 2 ml ha-1 guaranteed the highest absorption and efficiency values of utilization of macronutrients by cocoa seedlingsObjective: To evaluate the effect of the application of biostimulant doses on the development, absorption, and use efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium by cacao seedlings.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Five doses of Enerplant® (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mL ha-1) were applied to cacao seedlings grown under a saran mesh. The study was carried out using a completely randomized design. The foliar area received a monthly application of the biostimulant. In order to determine the nutrient absorption, 3 plants per treatment were divided into leaves, stems, and roots; they were subsequently dried for 72 h at 65 °C. Finally, they were ground, packaged, labeled, and sent to the laboratory, where the macronutrients of each component were analyzed.
Results: The cacao seedlings had a positive response to the biostimulant application. In average, the results of our two-year study were: 1 mL ha-1 doses of Enerplant® significantly increased height (24%), dry mass (30%), quality index (58%), and foliar area (56%) of the cacao seedlings. Doses higher than 1- and 2-mL ha-1 decreased plant growth. The nutrient absorption by cacao in the nursery stage followed the following pattern: K > N > P.
Findings/Conclusions: The efficiency of nutrient use —regardless of the Enerplant® dose applied— was higher for P, followed by N and, finally, K. Applying 2 mL ha-1 doses of the biostimulant guaranteed the highest absorption and use efficiency values of macronutrients by cacao seedlings
Buffer capacity as a method to estimate the dose of liming in acid soils
Get PDFObjective: It is proposed to use the dolomite buffer capacity (BCDolomite) as a method of estimating the lime requirement, in soils that agronomically require a pH increase.
Design/methodology/approach: In six soil samples, with different levels of response to the application of dolomite, the organic matter (OM), the content of sand, silt and clay, pH, K, Ca, Mg and potential acidity (Al+H) were determined. Assuming an apparent density of 1000 kg/m3 and a volume per hectare of 2000 m3, the soils were placed in polyethylene containers and treated with dolomite in doses equivalent to 0, 750, 1500, 2250 and 3000 kg/ha, establishing the BCDolomite as the inverse of the slope resulting from the relationship between the pH and the dose of dolomite.
Results: In soils with a low response to the dolomite, the clay and OM content was 280 and 26 g/kg, respectively, and in high response soils, the clay and OM content was 240 and 47 g/kg, respectively. In all cases, in the relationship between pH and dose of dolomite, a simple and direct linear relationship was observed (R2 > 0.85; p < 0.05).
Limitations on study/implications: The results obtained under controlled conditions show that BCDolomite constitutes a viable method to estimate the lime requirement, since,
Findings/conclusions: the BCDolomite showed sensitivity to the complexity of the clay fraction and to the organic matter of the soil, for which the dolomite requirement is equal to the product between the desired pH increase and the BCDolomite.Objective: The study proposes using the dolomite buffer capacity (BCDolomite) as a method of estimating the lime requirement in soils that agronomically require a pH increase.
Design/methodology/approach: In six soil samples with different levels of response to the application of dolomite, the organic matter (OM), the content of sand, silt and clay, pH, K, Ca, Mg and the potential acidity (Al+H) were determined. Assuming an apparent density of 1000 kg/m3 and a volume per hectare of 2000 m3, the soils were placed in polyethylene containers and treated with dolomite in doses equivalent to 0, 750, 1500, 2250 and 3000 kg/ha, establishing the BCDolomite as the inverse of the slope resulting from the relationship between the pH and the dose of dolomite.
Results: In soils with low response to the dolomite, the content of clay and OM was 280 and 26 g/kg, respectively, and in high response soils, the content of clay and OM was 240 and 47 g/kg, respectively. In all cases, a simple and direct linear relationship was observed (R2 > 0.85; p < 0.05) in the relationship between pH and dose of dolomite.
Limitations on study/implications: The results obtained under controlled conditions show that BCDolomite constitutes a viable method to estimate the lime requirement.
Findings/conclusions: The BCDolomite showed sensitivity to the complexity of the clay fraction and to the organic matter in the soil, for which the dolomite requirement is equal to the product of the desired pH increase and the BCDolomit
Goat production systems of the central highlands of Veracruz, Mexico
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The objective of this study was to characterize the goat production units of the central mountainous area of the state of Veracruz. A multiple case study was carried out considering socioeconomic aspects, type of forage, goat feeding, reproduction, improvement, and health. The results showed that goat farming and cheese production represent between 50 and 100% of the producers' income. The cultivated forages and the type of goat feed of the production units in the mountainous area are King grass CT-115, Maralfalfa, African Star, Alfalfa and Corn. Animal reproduction is carried out by controlled mating and births occur at the beginning and end of each year. The goat herds do not exceed 150 heads with a predominance of Saanen and Alpine breeds. The average daily production of milk ranges between 16-90 L and with a production of 2-3 L milk for animal/day. The activity is family-type and involves cultivation, animal management, milk production and the manufacturing of artisanal cheeses. Studies are required to confirm individual milk production.Objective: This study was to characterize the goat production units of the central mountain area of the state of Veracruz, Mexico.
Disign/methodology/approach: A multiple case study was carried out taking into consideration socioeconomic aspects, type of forage, goat feeding, reproduction, improvement, and health.
Results: The results showed that goat and cheese production account for 50-100% of the producers' income. The forages grown and the type of goat feed used in the production units of the mountain area are: King grass, CT-115, maralfalfa, giant star grass, alfalfa, and corn. Animal reproduction is carried out by controlled mating and births take place at the beginning and end of each year. Flocks do not exceed 150 heads; the predominant breeds are Saanen and Alpine. The average daily production of milk ranges from 16 to 90 L, with a production of 0.75-3 L milk animal-1 day-1.
Study limitations/implications: None
Findings/conclusions: The activity is family-based and involves cultivation, animal management, and milk and artisanal cheese production. Further studies are required to confirm individual milk production
TRENDS AND RESEARCH ON COVID-19 AND FARMERS USING VOSVIEWER
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Objective: The aim of this study was to use bibliometric analysis to provide an overview of the empirical and theoretical research that has been carried out with regard to COVID-19 focusing on scientific publications on the topic of farmers.
Design/methodology/approach: The global literature on COVID-19 and agricultural producers (farmers) published between 2019 and 2022 (August 8), was obtained from the SCOPUS database, comprising a total of 665 documents. VOSviewer was used to perform a bibliometric analysis of these papers.
Results: The two countries that published the most research related to the terms studied were the United States and India. Research conducted in these countries was found in the most cited studies. The studies focused on five major topics: agriculture, epidemiology, psychology, economic impact, as well as rural areas and risk determination. The evolution of the topics over time showed that the research originally began with health-oriented studies, and that once the protocols for the return to normal were generated, studies were carried out to visibilize the producers and their challenges during the pandemic in addition to the support strategies that were generated and the impact that the pandemic had on them, as well as on the local, regional, national, and global economy.
Limitations on study/implications: The documents analyzed are exclusive to the SCOPUS database, so literature was excluded from other sources such as Google Scholar or Web of Science, which could contain important information on the subject in relation to other disciplines.
Findings/conclusions: This type of study makes it possible to better understand the current state of the art regarding the effect of COVID-19 on the agri-food sector, thus allowing researchers to visualize the relevance of, and guide, their research on the topic.
Keywords: bibliometric analysis; resilience; farming; SARS-CoV-2; pandemic; farm workers.RESUMEN
Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue utilizar el análisis bibliométrico para brindar una visión general sobre las investigaciones empíricas y teóricas que se han realizado sobre COVID-19 con énfasis en las publicaciones científicas que hayan abordado el tema de los productores agropecuarios.
Diseño/metodología/aproximación: La literatura global sobre COVID-19 y productores agropecuarios (farmers) publicada entre el 2019 hasta 2022 (08 de agosto), se obtuvo de la base de datos SCOPUS, compuesta de un total de 665 documentos. Se utilizó VOSviewer para realizar un análisis bibliométrico de estos.
Resultados: Los dos países que más publicaron investigaciones relacionadas a los términos estudiados fueron Estados Unidos e India. En estos países se realizaron investigaciones que se encuentran dentro de las más citadas. Las investigaciones se han focalizado en cinco grandes temas: agricultura, epidemiología, psicología, el impacto económico, y las áreas rurales y la determinación del riesgo. La evolución en el tiempo de los tópicos, permiten visualizar que originalmente se inició con investigaciones orientadas a la salud, para una vez generados los protocolos para volver a la normalidad, se realizaron investigaciones para visibilizar a los productores y sus retos durante la pandemia, así como las estrategias de apoyo que se generaron y el impacto que tuvo la pandemia en ellos, la economía local, regional, nacional y global.
Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Los documentos analizados son exclusivos de la base de datos de SCOPUS, por lo que se excluye la literatura proveniente de otras fuentes como Google Schoolar, o Web of Science, las cuales podrían contener información importante del tema en relación con otras disciplinas.
Hallazgos/conclusiones: Este tipo de estudios nos permiten comprender mejor el estado del arte actual del efecto del COVID-19 en el sector agroalimentario. Lo que permitiría a los investigadores visualizar la pertinencia y direccionar sus investigaciones relacionadas con el tema.
Palabras clave: análisis bibliométrico; resiliencia; agricultura; SARS-CoV-2; pandemia; trabajadores agrícola
Polyhydroxyalkanoates from pear (Pyrus communis L) waste by Bacillus subtilis
Get PDFObjective: Analyze the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by Bacillus subtilis sp., subtilis in submerged culture using pear residues as a carbon source.
Design/methodology/approach: The culture consisted of pear residue flour concentrations of 5 and 15 % for 72 h. Reducing sugars, biomass, pH, protein, and pHA extraction and quantification were analyzed during submerging cultivation of Bacillus subtilis sp., subtilis
Results: The results showed that Bacillus subtilis sp., subtilis can grow and generate PHA, having its maximum proportion in PHA extract of 0.094 g/L at 72h of culture, at a substrate concentration of 5%.
Study limitations/implications: More studies related to the optimization of culture conditions for PHA production are required and prior treatment of pear waste flour will be considered.
Findings/Conclusions: The synthesis of these biopolymers is important to promote their large-scale production using agro-industrial waste, thus contributing to reduce the environmental impact
Analysis of the reproductive seasonality of sheep production units in Singuilucan, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Objective: To analyze the presentation of reproductive seasonality and its relationship with the time of year, feeding, race and social environment in sheep in the municipality of Singuilucan Hidalgo.
Design/methodology/approach: Using the data obtained from 41 surveys of sheep farmers, a logistic regression analysis was carried out, in which the degree of intervention that these variables have on the presence or absence of periods of seasonal anestrus of the sheep in the environment in which they develop and under the proper management of the production units.
Results: 95.1% of the production units present periods of seasonal anestrus, the variables such as seasons of the year, type of feeding, racial type and social environment influence significantly (P <0.05). Spring is the season of the year that most influences the presence of anestrous periods (P <0.05), the reproductive season has its highest peak at the end of spring and during summer, with the calving season being at the end of autumn and during the winter.
Study limitations/implications: Reproductive seasonality is a limitation in sheep production systems.
Findings/conclusions: In the sheep production systems of the present study, it was found that those of estrus occurs at the end of spring and early summer, and that the variables season of the year, type of feeding, racial type and social environment influence so that the seasonal anestrus is present in spring.Objective: To analyze the occurrence of the reproductive seasonality and its relation to the time of the year, feeding, race, and social environment of sheep in the municipality of Singuilucan, Hidalgo, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: Forty-one surveys with sheep breeders were carried out. The data obtained was subject to a logistic regression analysis, in order to analyze the degree to which the said variables intervene on the occurrence or absence of seasonal anestrus periods in ewes. The environment in which they are developed and the traditional handling of production units must be taken into account.
Results: Seasonal anestrus periods have been recorded in 95.1% of the production units; such variables as seasons of the year, feeding type, race, and social environment have a significant influence (P<0.05). Spring is the most influential season of the year with regard to the occurrence of anestrus periods (P<0.05). The reproductive season reaches its peak in late spring and in summer; ewes give birth in late autumn and in winter.
Study limitations/implications: Reproductive seasonality limits sheep production systems.
Findings/conclusions: Estrus take place in late spring and early summer. The season of the year, feeding type, race, and social environment are variables that influence the occurrence of seasonal anestrus in spring
Survival of the prawn Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, 1871) in confinement with the native fish Dormitator latifrons (Richardson, 1844)
Get PDFObjective: The aim of this study was to test the survival of Macrobrachium tenellum in different confinement conditions with Dormitator latifrons.
Design/methodology/approach: Using wild specimens acclimated to captive conditions of both species, three trials of different proportion were performed with treatments consisting in the presence/absence of food and shelters. Prawn/fish proportion for the assays were: 15/15 for T1, 15/3 for T2 and 10/3 for T3. In assays T1 and T2 juvenile prawns and fish were used, while in T3 post-larvae prawns and pre-juvenile fish were used. To test the survival with or without fed, it was schedule a four-day feeding ad libitum period, following by a two-day fed depravation period in all the assays.
Results: In assays with juveniles of M. tenellum the survival rate was superior to 80% with or without shelter, when T1 showed 97-100% survival; meanwhile T3 presented a 56.67 % of survival, suggesting it’s necessary to use only juvenile prawns in co-culture systems. The use of shelters and fed deprivation had no significant effects on the survival of prawns.
Limitations on study/implications: M. tenellum is an important aquatic resource for the central Mexican Pacific, region in which the D. latifrons is a representative native fish with a developing aquaculture. A polyculture or co-culture system with these species can accelerate the sustainability of both species productions.
Findings/conclusions: The results suggest this polyculture system may be feasible, and longer duration culture are recommended.Objective: The aim of this study was to test the survival of Macrobrachium tenellum in different confinement conditions with Dormitator latifrons.
Design/methodology/approach: Using wild specimens acclimated to captive conditions of both species, three trials of different proportion were performed with treatments consisting in the presence/absence of food and shelters. Prawn/fish proportion for the assays were: 15/15 for T1, 15/3 for T2 and 10/3 for T3. In assays T1 and T2 juvenile prawns and fish were used, while in T3 post-larvae prawns and pre-juvenile fish were used. To test the survival with or without fed, it was schedule a four-day feeding ad libitum period, following by a two-day fed depravation period in all the assays.
Results: In assays with juveniles of M. tenellum the survival rate was superior to 80% with or without shelter, when T1 showed 97-100% survival; meanwhile T3 presented a 56.67 % of survival, suggesting it’s necessary to use only juvenile prawns in co-culture systems. The use of shelters and fed deprivation had no significant effects on the survival of prawns.
Limitations on study/implications: M. tenellum is an important aquatic resource for the central Mexican Pacific, region in which the D. latifrons is a representative native fish with a developing aquaculture. A polyculture or co-culture system with these species can accelerate the sustainability of both species productions.
Findings/conclusions: The results suggest this polyculture system may be feasible, and longer duration culture are recommended
Clonal propagation of Gmelina arborea Roxb grown in southeastern Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the clonal behavior of arboreal Gmelina roxb from stakes obtained from mother plants in Southeast Mexico.
Design: A three-treatment design with four completely randomized replicates was established, the treatments were 4000 ppm, 6000 ppm and 3000 ppm AIB concentrations. The variables evaluated are: percentage of rooting, days for root formation, type of stake, number of roots, cm of roots and absorbent hairs. The values measured in each variable were analyzed parametric ways using Statistix 9.0, Tukey test, ANDEVA.
Results: In the analysis of variance (ANDEVA) significant factors were observed (Callus and No. of roots), in the same way it was observed an oscillation in the percentage of rooting 84% and 92%, regarding the number of roots and cm of roots there were significant differences in the presence of number of roots of the treatment 6000 ppm.
Conclusions: AIB concentration in rooting generates good results in different concentrations, according to the implemented stake, callus factors and number of roots were obtained significant records between treatments, favoring the acceleration of root presence.Objective: To evaluate the clonal behavior of Gmelina arborea Roxb from mother plant cuttings in southeastern Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A completely random design of three treatments with four repetitions was established; the treatments were concentrations of IBA (4000, 6000 and 3000 ppm). The following were evaluated: percentage of rooting, days until root formation, type of cutting, number of roots, length of roots and absorbent roots. Analysis of variance and Tukey’s test were performed with Statistix 9.0.
Results: In the analysis of variance (ANOVA), significant factors were observed (callus and number of roots), and also, a fluctuation was observed in the percentage of rooting from 84% to 92%. Regarding the number of roots and cm of roots, there were significant differences in the presence of number of roots of the 6000 ppm treatment.
Conclusions: The concentration of IBA in the rooting generates good results in different concentrations, depending on the cutting implemented, the factors callus and number of roots; significant records were obtained between treatments, favoring the acceleration of presence of roots