Revista Agro Productividad
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Study of the green spaces of the southern area of the city of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: carry out the diagnosis of the maintenance of green areas in the southern zone of the city of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México.
Design/methodology/approach: in order to evaluate the state of green areas, mainly in the southern part of the city, an analytical-synthetic and historical methodology was used, as well as bibliographic techniques to study the importance of green areas, conceptualization and challenges that face these areas.
Results: the need to generate maintenance and intervene in adequate management is highlighted to generate an improvement towards green areas and create a better environment that provides better development towards these areas in the city of Chihuahua and intervene in territorial development.
Limitations on study/implications: green areas are part of the basic public endowments of any municipality and therefore, the Municipal Council is in charge of these areas, however, the ability to achieve the objectives is determined by individual and collective productivity, rather, the lack of.
Findings/conclusions: develop good management to provide and have green areas in good condition and with adequate and dignified maintenance for the Chihuahua society.Objective: To diagnose the maintenance of green spaces in the southern zone of the city of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México.
Design/Methodology/Approach: An analytical-synthetic and historical methodology was used to evaluate the state of green spaces, mainly in the southern part of the city. Likewise, bibliographic techniques were used to study the importance of green spaces, their conceptualization, and the challenges that they face.
Results: Providing maintenance and participating in proper management is essential for the improvement of green spaces and for the creation of an enhanced environment that provides better development for these areas in the city of Chihuahua and changes territorial development.
Study Limitations/Implications: Green spaces are part of the basic public amenities of any municipality and therefore the Municipal Council is in charge of these areas; however, the ability to achieve goals is determined by individual and collective productivity or rather the lack thereof.
Findings/Conclusions: Developing good management practices can provide well-kept and adequately-maintained green spaces for the inhabitants of Chihuahua
Weed control with small ruminants: Exploratory evaluation on Senecio inaequidens
Get PDFObjective: Carry out an exploratory evaluation of sheep and goats grazing in a temperate pasture invaded by Senecio inaequidens, as a means of biological control of weeds in small-scale dairy systems (SSDS).
Methodology: Crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were determined on pasture and Senecio samples. The effect of grazing by sheep and goats on the pasture was assessed by means of the height, density and soil cover of Senecio, and also sward height; and the live weight of the animals, daily weight gain and body condition score were recorded. Statistical analysis was by a 2x2 factorial design, with species (sheep or goat) and two grazing intensities at 28.3 or 50.3 m2/animal per day.
Results: height, coverage and density of Senecio did not show significant differences (P>0.05), neither did sward height. The chemical composition of the pasture did not show statistically significant differences for the assessed periods either. Animal weight, body condition and daily weight gain did not show significant differences among the evaluated treatments (P>0.05).
Implications: This is the first report evaluating sheep and goat grazing to control of Senecio invasion in temperate pasture in central Mexico. In addition, knowing the chemical quality of Senecio will allow decisions to be made for supplementation in grazing systems with sheep or goats.
Conclusions: The grazing of sheep and goats reduced the number of Senecio plants in the assessed pasture, which indicates the possibility of controlling this weed by grazing sheep or goats over longer-term grazing.Objective: Carry out an exploratory evaluation of sheep and goats grazing in a temperate pasture invaded by Senecio inaequidens, as a means of biological control of weeds in small-scale dairy systems (SSDS).
Methodology: Crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were determined on pasture and Senecio samples. The effect of grazing by sheep and goats on the pasture was assessed by means of the height, density and soil cover of Senecio, and also sward height; and the live weight of the animals, daily weight gain and body condition score were recorded. Statistical analysis was by a 2x2 factorial design, with species (sheep or goat) and two grazing intensities at 28.3 or 50.3 m2/animal per day.
Results: height, coverage and density of Senecio did not show significant differences (P>0.05), neither did sward height. The chemical composition of the pasture did not show statistically significant differences for the assessed periods either. Animal weight, body condition and daily weight gain did not show significant differences among the evaluated treatments (P>0.05).
Implications: This is the first report evaluating sheep and goat grazing to control of Senecio invasion in temperate pasture in central Mexico. In addition, knowing the chemical quality of Senecio will allow decisions to be made for supplementation in grazing systems with sheep or goats.
Conclusions: The grazing of sheep and goats reduced the number of Senecio plants in the assessed pasture, which indicates the possibility of controlling this weed by grazing sheep or goats over longer-term grazin
Inhibition of mycelial growth and conidium germination of Colletotrichum sp. for organic and inorganic products
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide, potassium sorbate, sodium bicarbonate and chitosan, on the in vitro germination and mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp.
Design/methodology/approach: Effectiveness’ evaluation of each treatments was carried out using the methodology of poisoned cultures. The following concentrations were evaluated for hydrogen peroxide and potassium sorbate: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.16, 0.12, 0.08 and 0.04 %; for sodium bicarbonate: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 %; and finally for chitosan: 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 %. A mycelial growth disc of Colletotrichum sp. six days old was placed on each poisoned culture. The experimental design to measure the inhibition of mycelial growth and conidia germination of Colletotrichum sp. was completely randomized with five replications. Results were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and average ranges were compared between them. The EC50 and EC95 of each product were determined by probit analyses.
Results: The hydrogen peroxide inhibits 100 % of mycelial growth from concentration of 0.16 %, while potassium sorbate from 0.2 %. Regarding to sodium bicarbonate and chitosan, they reached this effect in 1.0 and 2.5 %. Conidia germination was completely inhibited only with hydrogen peroxide and potassium sorbate. The EC50 and EC95 for hydrogen peroxide were 0.1 and 0.12 %, for potassium sorbate: 0.10 and 0.19 %, sodium bicarbonate: 0.16 and 0.88 %, and for chitosan: 1.20 and 2.18 %, respectively.
Findings/conclusions: The evaluated treatments represent an effective and viable ecological alternative for the control of Colletotrichum sp.Objective: To evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide, potassium sorbate, sodium bicarbonate, and chitosan on mycelial growth and in vitro germination of Colletotrichum sp., to be used for future management of anthracnose disease in postharvest cv. Ataulfo mango fruit.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated using the poisoned culture method. The evaluated concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and potassium sorbate were 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.16, 0.12, 0.08, and 0.04 %; sodium bicarbonate, 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 %; and chitosan, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 %. A 6-day disk of Colletotrichum sp. mycelial growth was placed in each poisoned culture medium. The inhibition of mycelial growth and the germination of Colletotrichum sp. conidia were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with five repetitions for mycelial growth and four for conidium germination. The results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the comparison of average ranges. The CE50 and CE95 of each product was estimated using Probit analysis with the results of mycelial growth inhibition.
Results: The mycelial growth inhibition (100%) of the Colletotrichum sp. strain was reached starting at concentrations of 0.16, 0.2, 1.0, and 2.5% for hydrogen peroxide, potassium sorbate, sodium bicarbonate, and chitosan, respectively. The inhibition of conidium germination was only observed in treatments with hydrogen peroxide and potassium sorbate. The CE50 and CE95 for hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 and 0.12%; for potassium sorbate, 0.10 and 0.19%; for sodium bicarbonate, 0.16 and 0.88%; and for chitosan, 1.20 and 2.18%.
Findings/Conclusions: The evaluated treatments represent an effective and viable ecological alternative for the control of Colletotrichum sp., causal agent of anthracnosis in mango fruit
Broadleaf weeds associated with the cultivation of habanero chili (Capsicum chinensis) in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: Identify the weeds, presents in seed Banks, associated with the cultivation of habanero pepper in the Yucatan Peninsula and may be hosts of pests.
Design/methodology/approach: Soil samples obtained from the plots established with habanero pepper. They were brought the greenhouse for the emergence and development of the present weeds for identification through images and with the support of herbarium. The floristic diversity was identified by means of indices. Symptomatic plants DNA was obtained to confirm the presence of begomovirus.
Results: 31 families identified where the Asteraceae family stands out. The floristic composition in the three states was different; the dominant species were Amaranthus spinosus, Parthenium hysterophorus and Acmella oppositifolia for Campeche, Yucatan and Quintana Roo respectively. Yucatán was the state with the greatest diversity. Several species registered are recognized viral host.
Limitation/implications: The seed Banks present constants variation from one cycle to another, which limits obtaining the total of the species present in the samples obtained.
Conclusion: It is necessary to have the knowledge of present weed species to propose improvements in the technological packages and allow a sustainable management.Objective: To identify the weeds associated with habanero chili cultivation in the Yucatan Peninsula that can be considered pest hosts.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Composite soil samples were obtained from plots established with habanero chili in the states of Campeche, Yucatán, and Quintana Roo. The samples were taken to a greenhouse, where the weeds emerged and developed. The weeds were identified through images and with the support of herbariums. Indeces were used to identify the state with the greatest floristic diversity. DNA from symptomatic plants was obtained to confirm the presence of begomovirus.
Results: The Asteraceae family stood out among the 31 weed families that were identified. The floristic composition was different in the three states. The dominant species were Amaranthus spinosus, Parthenium hysterophorus, and Acmella oppositifolia in Campeche, Yucatán, and Quintana Roo, respectively. The state with the greatest diversity and richness was Yucatán. Twenty-six out of the thirty-one symptomatic samples tested positive for begomovirus.
Limitations/Implications: The seed banks have constant variations from one cycle to another; consequently, it is not possible to obtain the total of the species present in the samples.
Conclusions: It is necessary to establish the weed species present to propose improvements in technological packages and achieve sustainable management
Determination of bacteria morphotypes associated with the rhizosphere of organic coffee plantations
Get PDFObjective: To determine bacterial diversity associated with the coffee rhizosphere on coffee plantations on Oaxaca, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: Soil samples collected from organic arabic coffee plantations in the Loxicha region of Oaxaca were analyzed to isolate and characterize populations of bacteria associated with the rhizosphere of the plantations. Six sites were sampled in three altitudinal ranges; low (≥1200, ≤1400 masl), medium (≥1700, ≤1800 masl) and high (≥1900 masl); two sites per rank. The population distribution of the bacteria by altitudinal range was compared using the Tukey test. A multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) was performed considering four morphological characters of the colonies: Shape, Surface, Border and Color, and two microscopic characters: Type and Gram.
Results: 43 bacterial colonies were isolated and purified, whose population distribution showed a significant difference (Tukey α = 0.5) with respect to the altitudinal range of collection. The Principal Component Analysis showed that the first three principal components expressed 74.19% of the total variation of the 43 bacterial colonies, indicating a wide distribution of the bacterial colonies from the evaluated characters. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis determined eight groups divided into subgroups based on the semipartial correlation coefficient of 0.05.
Limitations on study/implications: The environmental conditions where bacteria grow allow the interspecific variation of each species to change.
Findings/conclusions: The morphological and microscopic characterization of the bacterial colonies shows the existence of a high variability that is expressed in characters that indicate high diversity of bacterial species in organically managed coffee soils in Oaxaca.Objective: To determine the bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in coffee plantations in Oaxaca, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: Soil samples collected from organic arabian coffee plantations in the Loxicha region of Oaxaca were analyzed to isolate and characterize bacterial populations associated with the rhizosphere of those plantations. Samples were collected from six sites in three altitude ranges (two sampling sites per each range): low (≥1,200, ≤1,400 masl), medium (≥1,700, ≤1,800 masl), and high (≥1,900 masl). Tukey’s test was used to compare the bacteria population distribution per altitude range.
A multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) was performed considering four morphological —shape, surface, border, and color— and two microscopic —type and Gram— characteristics of the colonies.
Results: Forty-three bacterial colonies were isolated and purified; their population distribution showed a significant difference (Tukey α = 0.5) with respect to the altitude range in which they were collected. The Principal Components Analysis showed that the first three principal components accounted for 74.19% of the total variation of the 43 bacterial colonies, indicating that the evaluated characteristics were widely distributed. The Hierarchical Cluster Analysis determined eight groups and divided them into subgroups, based on the semi partial correlation coefficient (0.05).
Study limitations/implications: The environmental conditions where bacteria grow allow changes in the interspecific variation of each species.
Findings/conclusions: The morphological and microscopic characterization of the bacterial colonies shows a high variability that is expressed in characteristics, indicating a high diversity of bacterial species in organically-managed coffee soils in Oaxac
Long term orientation: A comparative study amongst engineer and tourism students
Get PDFObjective: To investigate the differences amongst the LTO (Long Term Orientation) profile of graduate students in two academic programs.
Design/methodology/approach: A total of 66 students participated in the study. The items of each construct corresponded to the two dimensions established by the original LTO scale. The validity test for the measurement scale was based first on exploratory and then on confirmatory factor analysis. The internal reliability consistency of the multi-item scales was assessed with Cronbach’s α. Independent sample t-tests were applied to verify the hypothesis.
Results: The eight-item LTO scale performed reasonably well, lending support for its internal validity for the sample. The engineering students had higher levels for the planning dimension, still there were no significant differences in the estimates (t=-.391, p=.697), and students of the tourism program rated higher for the tradition dimension compared to the engineering students (t=3.557, p=.001).
Limitations/implications: The study focus only in one personality trait. Education providers can draw upon these findings a better understanding of their students, becoming relevant for the curriculum.
Findings/Conclusions: Students of the tourism academic program score higher in the tradition dimension of the LTO profile. On the contrary, there was no difference regarding the planning factor of the LTO profile. Therefore, LTO scale might be useful for understanding students’ decisions and personal orientations, allowing for academic programs to better focus their curriculum.Objective: To investigate differences amongst the LTO (Long Term Orientation) profile of graduate students of two academic programs: tourism and engineer.
Design/methodology/approach: A total of 66 students participated in the study. The items of each construct corresponded to the two dimensions established by the original LTO scale. The validity test for the measurement scale was based first on exploratory and then on confirmatory factor analysis. The internal reliability consistency of the multi-item scales was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Independent sample t-tests were applied to verify the hypothesis.
Results: The eight-item LTO scale performed reasonably well, lending support for its internal validity for the sample. The engineering students (6.16±0.65) had higher levels for the planning dimension compared with the tourism students (6.10±0.56), still there were no significant differences in the estimates (t=-0.391, p=0.697), and students of the tourism program rated significantly higher (t=3.557, p=0.001) for the tradition dimension (6.12±0.59) compared to the engineering students (5.42±0.90).
Limitations/implications: The study focus only in one personality trait. Education providers can draw upon these findings a better understanding of their students, becoming relevant for the curriculum.
Findings/Conclusions: Students of the tourism academic program score higher in the tradition dimension of the LTO profile. On the contrary, there was no difference regarding the planning factor of the LTO profile. Therefore, LTO scale might be useful for understanding students’ decisions and personal orientations, allowing for academic programs to better focus their curriculum
Limitations for the production of creole pork in the cooperative sector of eastern Cuba
Get PDFThe objective of this research was to determine the controversial situations in the production of Creole pork in the cooperative sector in Cuba, through the application of a participatory diagnostic system. Interviews were conducted with 50 Creole pig producers belonging to the Cuban Cooperative Organizations of the Holguín municipality. The Vester matrix was used to classify the problems according to their degree of causality, and a SWOT matrix exercise, which was determined through the development of meetings, the application of participatory techniques and group discussions as rural extension work. The 10 main controversial situations were identified, of which four were active problems, four passive, one critical problem and one indifferent. In the evaluated Creole pig breeding systems, the treatment of residuals is null, manure and urine remain in the pens all the time. Reproduction controls are not carried out, affecting the genetic and productive potential. In all cases, the type of reproduction is direct mounting without control. Vaccination and deworming schemes are scarce. One of the demands of the Creole pig breeders surveyed was training in technical, productive and reproductive aspects of animal management
Perception of extension workers about rural development processes in Morelos, Mexico: Extension Workers within the Development of Rural
No full textObjective: To acknowledge the perspective of extension workers about the difficulties they encounter within their extension activities as a contribution to rural development.
Design/methodology/approach: This research project was realized with the contributions of extension workers participating in the Rural Development Program (Programa de Desarrollo Rural, PDR) 2019, in the state of Morelos, Mexico. The methodology utilized was of the Exploratory Descriptive type with a non-probabilistic sample of convenience type. The instrument consisted of 25 items. 31 surveys were applied to PDR extension workers, and 6 interviews were held with technicians of diverse programs.
Results: Most extension workers are male. The predominant professional profile among them is agricultural sciences or similar fields experts, with an 86% rate. Only 10% of them has a master’s degree, and 45% has any skill certification. Workers that participated in the surveys pointed out their dissatisfaction with salary rates. Technician to producer ratio was perceived as wide. The time allowed for contract obligations was perceived as insufficient to achieve proper Development Processes. The principal activities carried out were related to the execution of this Program.
Limitations on study/implications: Due to the SARS COVID pandemic, surveys were applied remotely, and the total number of extension workers contacted could not be increased.
Findings/conclusions: Extension workers demand long term contracts, proper salary rates, an appropriate ratio of extension worker to producers in order to sufficiently contribute to the development of rural families and communities. They also expressed their concern about not being able to exclusively dedicate their time to extension activities due to having to attend administrative duties regarding resources management of government programs.Objective: To determine the problems that extension workers face during their work to promote rural development, from their own perspective.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was carried out with extension workers, who took part of the 2019 Rural Development Program (PDR) in Morelos, Mexico. An exploratory-descriptive methodology, with a non-probabilistic convenience test, was carried out. The tool comprised 25 items. Thirty-one extension workers and 6 technicians of various programs were interviewed.
Results: Most of the extension workers were men, 86% of their professional profiles are related to agricultural sciences, 10% has a master degree, and 45% has some kind of proficiency certificate. The interviewees pointed out that they were not paid enough for their services, that each technician had to work with too many producers, and that a short-term contract is not enough to achieve the development processes. The main activities carried out were related to the program.
Study Limitations/Implications: As a result of the SARS COVID pandemic, the interviews were carried out remotely and we could not get in touch with more extension workers.
Findings/Conclusions: Extension workers demand long-term contracts, appropriate payments, and a lower technician:producer ratio, in order to make their work more efficient and to contribute to the development of families and communities. They also mentioned that they would like to focus on extension activities and that their involvement in management issues aimed at exercising the resources of government programs should not be a priority
Edible insect harvest in Pinos, Zacatecas, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To identify the exploitation and generation of economic income derived from the harvest ofescamol (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr), white worm (Aegiale hesperiaris W) and red worm (Comadiaredtenbacheri H), during an annual season.Design/Methodology: Surveys were applied to n=593 edible insect harvesters in n= 18 ruralcommunities, local authorities (ejido commissaries, auxiliary judges), buyers (intermediaries), andrepresentatives of the stockpiling company DELIZAC. The interviews were conducted in harvesting zones(field), at the time of the delivery of the product (stockpiling), and in the homes of harvesters selected assample in Pinos, Zacatecas, Mexico.Results: The prices per kilogram of escamol and white worm, during the 2020 seasons, was US25.00. The harvest of edible insects was 34.6 tons with an economic spill ofUS965.90.Study Limitations/Implications: The results of this study can be used to propose techniques that favorthe conservation, management, and sustainable exploitation of the three species of edible insects forinhabitants of the rural zones in central-northern Mexico.Conclusions: The harvest of edible insects in Pinos, Zacatecas, generates important economic income. Ofthe harvesters, 78.9 % were men, 13.7 % adult women, and 7.4 % children. Most of the harvestinglocalities lack permits to carry out the exploitation
Forage yield of Urochloa grass cv Camello I and II at different cutting frequencies and intensities
Get PDFObjective: to evaluate the forage production performance of hybrid grasses of the genus Urochloa at different mowing intervals and intensity.
Design/methodology/approach: Camello I (GPB025) and Camello II (GPB07) hybrids were evaluated at different intervals (5 and 7 weeks) and cutting intensities (10 and 20 cm). The study was carried out under temporary conditions, from 2020 to 2021, in a randomized complete block experimental. The variables evaluated were: yield of total dry matter (DMT) and by morphological component, leaf (DMl), stem (DMs) and inflorescence (DMi) and senescent matter (DMsm), plant height, basal cover, specific leaf area and leaf area index (LAI).
Results: on average, when harvesting the forage at an interval of 7 weeks and intensity of 20 cm, higher DMT, DMl and DMs (66, 46 and 85 %, respectively) were obtained, than that obtained when harvesting at an interval of 5 weeks and intensities 20 cm.
Limitations of study/implications: Agronomic management in pastures is a factor that affects forage yield and meadow persistence. Making cuts at different intervals and intensities in grasses allows generating adequate management strategies to increase yields and the persistence of the meadow.
Findings/conclusions: The highest yield of total dry matter in both cultivars, by morphological component, plant height and leaf area index, was obtained when harvesting at an interval of 7 weeks and at a height of 20 cm of residual forag