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Agronomic practices and bio-stimulants for persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.) production in Mexico: BIOESTIMULANTS AND AGRONOMIC PRACTICES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PERSIAN LIME
No full textObjective: To evaluate biostimulants and cultural practices for floral induction in Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) to obtain production in the Winter season, which when it is offered with the highest price in the market.
Design/methodology/approach: During the period from July to September, biostimulants and cultural practices were applied to six-year-old trees as treatments as follows: 1. Pruning only, 2. Pruning + urea, 3. Pruning + urea + ringing, 4. Pruning + biofol® + ringing. Additionally, in September, two treatments more were included: 5. Pruning + calcium prohexadione, and 6. Pruning + Citomax®. The design used was randomized blocks with four repetitions. The experimental unit was a lime tree. Flowering, yield, physical-chemical quality and cost-benefit ratio were evaluated.
Results: The outstanding effect of pruning and the effect of nitrogen were confirmed with the foliar application of granulated urea (6.0 Kg ha-1) during the period from July to September, obtaining an average yield of 23 t ha-1 during harvest from December to March, with a B/C 2.5 ratio. The quality of the fruit was kept within the NMX-FF-077-1996 Mexican standard. Pruning + Citomax® (cytokinins) applied in September showed a yield of 30 t ha-1, with a B/C 3.1 ratio.
Findings/conclusions: Pruning + nitrogen, and pruning + cytokinins are suggested to induce flowering and produce Persian lime with the best winter yields.Objective: To evaluate biostimulants and cultural practices for floral induction in Persian lime (Citrus x latifolia Tanaka ex Q. Jiménez) to obtain production during the winter season, when the highest price in the market is offered with.
Design/methodology/approach: From July to September period, biostimulants and cultural practices were applied to six-year-old trees with different treatments as follows: 1. Pruning only, 2. Pruning + urea, 3. Pruning + urea + ringing, 4. Pruning + biofol® + ringing. Additionally, during September, two more treatments were included: 5. Pruning + calcium prohexadione, and 6. Pruning + Citomax®. The design used was randomized blocks with four repetitions. The experimental unit was one lime tree. Flowering, yield, physical-chemical quality and cost-benefit ratio were evaluated.
Results: The outstanding effect of pruning and the effect of nitrogen were confirmed with the foliar application of granulated urea (6.0 kg ha-1) during the period from July to September, obtaining an average yield of 23 t ha-1 during the harvest from December to March, with a B/C 2.5 ratio. The quality of the fruit was kept within the NMX-FF-077-1996 Mexican standard. September applied Pruning + Citomax® (cytokinins) showed a yield of 30 t ha-1, with a B/C 3.1 ratio.
Findings/conclusions: Pruning + nitrogen, and pruning + cytokinins induce flowering and produce Persian lime with the best winter yields.
Objective: To evaluate biostimulants and cultural practices for floral induction in Persian lime (Citrus x latifolia Tanaka ex Q. Jiménez) to obtain production during the winter season, when the highest price in the market is offered with.
Design/methodology/approach: From July to September period, biostimulants and cultural practices were applied to six-year-old trees with different treatments as follows: 1. Pruning only, 2. Pruning + urea, 3. Pruning + urea + ringing, 4. Pruning + biofol® + ringing. Additionally, during September, two more treatments were included: 5. Pruning + calcium prohexadione, and 6. Pruning + Citomax®. The design used was randomized blocks with four repetitions. The experimental unit was one lime tree. Flowering, yield, physical-chemical quality and cost-benefit ratio were evaluated.
Results: The outstanding effect of pruning and the effect of nitrogen were confirmed with the foliar application of granulated urea (6.0 kg ha-1) during the period from July to September, obtaining an average yield of 23 t ha-1 during the harvest from December to March, with a B/C 2.5 ratio. The quality of the fruit was kept within the NMX-FF-077-1996 Mexican standard. September applied Pruning + Citomax® (cytokinins) showed a yield of 30 t ha-1, with a B/C 3.1 ratio.
Findings/conclusions: Pruning + nitrogen, and pruning + cytokinins induce flowering and produce Persian lime with the best winter yields
Profitability of Corn (Zea mays L.) Grown in Milpa Production Systems in Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz, Mexico
Get PDFOBJECTIVE: To compare the profitability of corn cultivation under the milpa system in Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz.
METHODOLOGY: A sample of 91 producers from Villa de Zaachila, Oaxaca, Chalchicomula de Sesma, Puebla, and Tequila, Veracruz, was interviewed about corn production by milpa production system. The average yields per hectare, costs, sale price and total income are compared, and the Cost Benefit Ratio (CBR) of the milpas in each municipality was interpreted.
RESULTS: Maize production in Villa de Zaachila presented a modern agriculture with total production costs of 13,650 ha-1 and RBC 1.72. In Chalchicomula de Sesma, a traditional agriculture destined for commercialization to intermediaries, its total costs were 12,380 ha-1 and RBC 0.99. In Tequila, a subsistence agricultural, with total production costs of 7,350 ha-1 and RBC 0.92.
STUDY LIMITATIONS: The data is taken from an exploratory sample, limited in time and space. Versions or productive practices not sampled could be omitted, with technical-economic specificities different from those presented in this study.
CONCLUSIONS: The contrasting modifications in the structure, function, and logic of the milpa for the 2020-2021 cycle, allowed a profitable agroecosystem in Villa de Zaachila; however, it was not profitable in Chalchicomula de Sesma and Tequila.Objective: To compare the profitability of corn cultivation under the milpa production system in Oaxaca, Puebla, and Veracruz.Methodology: Ninety-one producers, from Villa de Zaachila, Oaxaca, Chalchicomula de Sesma, Puebla, and Tequila, Veracruz, Mexico, were interviewed about corn production in milpa production systems. Average yield per hectare, costs, selling price, and total income were compared and the Cost Benefit Ratio (CBR) of the milpas of eachmunicipality was analyzed.Results: In Villa de Zaachila, corn production is carried out in a modern agriculture system with a 23,429.27 ha -1 total income, and a 1.72 CBR. The producers of Chalchicomula de Sesma use a traditional agriculture system and the production is sold to intermediaries, with a 12,280.00 ha -1 total income, and a 0.99 CBR. InTequila, a subsistence agriculture is used, with a 6,748.00 ha -1 total income, and a 0.92 CBR.Study Limitations: The data were taken from an exploratory sample, limited in time and space. Non-sampled versions or productive practices could have been omitted, when technical-economic specificities are different from those shown in this study.Conclusions: The contrasting modifications in the structure, function, and logic of the milpa (2020-2021 cycle) resulted in a profitable agroecosystem in Villa de Zaachila; however, Chalchicomula de Sesma and Tequila had a non-profitable cycle
Effect of annual rainfall and temperature on the selection of habitat and overwintering home range of grassland birds
Get PDFObjective: To determine the effect of annual precipitation and winter temperature on habitat and winter home range size of two grassland birds in a native grassland of northern Durango, Mexico.
Design/methodology/approach: Using telemetry techniques over four consecutive winters (2016-2019), we estimated the home range size (HR; by Kernel method), of Centronyx bairdii and Ammodramus savannarum. Likewise, we estimated the cover of grass, bush, grass, bare ground, dead vegetation, animal excrement and counted the seeds available in the soil (biomass, gr/m2) of the habitat. We compared these dependent variables with non-parametric statistics, with the minimum and maximum annual precipitation (mm) and temperature (°C) of the site.
Results: The grassland sparrows used sites with equal coverage of grass, herbaceous plants, shrubs, bare ground, and others (Kruskal-Wallis, p≤0.05). In general, annual rainfall has no effect on the structure and vegetation cover. HR was negatively correlated (Sperman, p≤0.05) with annual rainfall for C. bairdii (rs=-0.90, n=45) and for A. savannarum (rs=-0.80, n=33). When the maximum temperature was higher, both species had a smaller HR. In contrast, when the minimum temperature was low, the HR increased for C. bairdii and decreased for A. savannarum.
Study limitations/implications: We demonstrate the importance of considering quantifying the largest number of variables when research is required on the selection and use of grassland bird habitat.
Findings/conclusions: This study allows us to increase our knowledge about the winter ecology of grassland birds and demonstrates that environmental variables such as annual rainfall and temperature influence habitat selection of C. bairdii and A. savannarum.Objective: To determine the effect of annual precipitation and winter temperature on the habitat and size of the overwintering home range of two grassland birds in a native grassland in northern Durango, Mexico.
Design/ Methodology/ Approach: Using telemetry techniques during four consecutive winters (2016-2019), we estimated the size of the home range (HR; by the Kernel method) of Centronyx bairdii and Ammodramus savannarum. Likewise, the coverage of grassland, scrubland, bare soil, dead vegetation, and animal excrement was estimated and the seeds available in the soil (biomass, g m-2) of the habitat were counted. We correlated these dependent variables with non-parametric statistics, to the minimum and maximum annual rainfall (mm) and temperature (°C) of the site.
Results: Grassland sparrows used sites with equitable cover of grass, herbaceous plants, shrubs, bare soil and others (Kruskal-Wallis, p≤0.05). Overall, annual precipitation has no effect on structure and vegetation cover. The HR was negatively correlated (Spearman, p≤0.05) with the annual precipitation for C. bairdii (rs=-0.90, n=45) and for A. savannarum (rs=-0.80, n=33). When the maximum temperature was higher, both species had lower HR. In contrast, when the minimum temperature was low, the HR increased for C. bairdii and decreased for A. savannarum.
Study Limitations/ Implications: We demonstrated the importance of considering quantifying the greatest number of variables when research is required on the selection and use of grassland bird habitat.
Findings/ Conclusions: This study allowed us to increase our knowledge about the winter ecology of grassland birds and demonstrated that environmental variables such as annual precipitation and temperature influenced the habitat selection of C. bairdii and A. savannarum
Tricholiperus lipeurides (Mégnin 1884) in Mazama temama (Kerr 1792): first case report in Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To identify the taxonomy of the lice of the family Trichodectidae present in a captive population of M. temama.
Methodology: Lice were collected from 15 red brocket deer (M. temama) in captivity at the Unit for the Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use of Wildlife (UMA) El Pochote, Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. The deer were sedated and inspected in the ventral, inguinal, ears and tail areas to collect the lice, which were observed with bright field microscopy and electron microscopy and using taxonomic keys they were identified at the species level.
Results: A total of 155 lice identified as Tricholiperus lipeuroides were collected from 8 females and 7 males of M. temama. The prevalence was 60% (9 of 15 deer had lice) and the mean abundance of 10 lice per deer. The inguinal and ventral areas were the areas of the body where the presence of lice accumulated the most.
Implications: This study expands the knowledge about ectoparasites in M. temama in captivity and how the chewing louse T. lipeuroides adapts to new hosts. Although M. temama acts as an incidental host for T. lipeuroides, the deer did not show clinical signs such as hair loss. This information had not been reported in other studies and there are no previous case reports for Mexico.
Conclusions: The presence of T. lipeuroides in M. temama is reported for the first time in the UMA El Pochote, Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz, Mexico, since by sharing some areas of the UMA enclosures with O. virginianus; red brocket deer became a host of T. lipeuroides.Objective: To identify the taxonomy of lice of the family Trichodectidae present in a captive population of M. temama.Methodology: Lice were collected from 15 red brocket (Temazate) deer (M. temama) in captivity at the Unit for the Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use of Wildlife El Pochote, Ixtaczoquiltan, Veracruz, Mexico. The deer were sedated and inspected in the ventral and inguinal zone, ears and tail to collect the lice, which were observed with bright field microscopy and electron microscopy. Then, with the use of taxonomic keys, lice were identified up to species.Results: A total of 155 lice identified as Tricholiperus lipeuroides were collected in 8 females and 7 males of M. temama. The prevalence was 60% (9 out of 15 deer had lice) at an average abundance of 10 lice per deer. The inguinal and ventral zone were the areas of the body where most of the collected lice were detected.
Implications: This study expands the knowledge about ectoparasites in M. temama incaptivity, recording for the first time the association of the chewing louse T. lipeuroideswith this species of deer. The deer analyzed did not present clinical signs such as hairloss. This information is not yet reported in other studies; there are no previous casereports for Mexico.Conclusions: The presence of T. lipeuroides in M. temama is reported for the first timein the UMA El Pochote, Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz, Mexico. Since M. temama sharessome areas of the enclosures in the UMA with O. virginianus, the Temazate became ahost of T. lipeuroides
Habitat characteristics of the Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae Vigors 1830) in Durango, México
Get PDFObjective. To characterize the habitat of the Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) in Rancho Chapultepec, Durango, Mexico.Design/Methodology/Approach. From February to October 2020, fieldwork was carried out to search for Montezuma quail sites using transects and sounds. Subsequently each site-of-use was characterized; for each of them three random sites were located. Intercept lines (or Canfield), embedded frames, and nearest neighbour techniques were used. Recorded data were analysed using Principal component analysis (PCA); Frequency ofobservation (FO); Kruskal-Wallis; and Poisson regression (PR).Results. The PCA showed values for sites of use= 48, non-use= 43, and both= 36 of the present variability in vegetation-habitat variables. FO showed values per site of use = 6.25%; non-use = 2.08% and both = 1.56%; and per species in sites of use = 3.57, non- use = 3.85 and both = 3.33%. Kruskal-Wallis exhibited significant differences in richness and abundance and similarity in diversity. Poisson regression (PR) showed the effect of some vegetation-habitat variables on the Montezuma quail.Limitations /Implications of the study. The monitoring period evaluated only comprised a short space of time. It is suggested to extend the sampling time, allowing to visualize the population fluctuation regarding this variable.Findings/Conclusions: It was possible to determine that there is an association between the variables of the vegetation-habitat with the presence of C. montezumae. Vegetation type is the variable that determines the incidence of this species
Presence of pesticides in edible insects: Risk to human health. The case of Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To perform a literature review of the presence of pesticides in edible insects, main pesticides used in Mexico and to discuss the potential risk of contaminated edible insects for human consumption.
Design/methodology/approach: Concise analysis of the main research topics related with the impact of pesticides on insects, through a wide review of specialized journals on insects’ field.
Results: The majority of edible insects are considered as a common plague in some crop varieties, causing a decrease in their production yield. As a result, farmers use mainly chemical insecticides to control this plague. Besides, farmers use also chemical herbicides and fungicides to control weeds and fungi. However, those pesticides have a negative impact on edible insects because they can be contaminated. These contaminated edible insects can be collected from different crop varieties for their use as food.
Limitations on study/implications: To conduct further research to identify and determine the pesticide levels in edible insects consumed in Mexico.
Findings/conclusions: Edible insects may represent a potential risk to human health, especially when insects are wild harvested because can be contaminated with pesticides, particularly insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides
Pruning height and frequency of Moringa oleifera and Leucaena leucocephala in a silvopastoral system
Get PDFObjetive: Evaluate two heights (50 and 70 cm) and pruning frequencies (60 and 135 d) in Moringa oleifera and Leucaena leucocephala in a developing silvopastoral system.
Desing/methodology/approach: Four treatments were established, T1: Moringa oleifera with pruning at 50 cm, T2: Moringa oleifera with pruning at 70 cm, T3: Leucaena leucocephala with pruning at 50 cm and T4: Leucaena leucocephala with pruning at 70 cm and pruning frequencies at the 60 and 135 d. The number of sprouts, diameter and length of the largest sprout, and biomass were recorded. The data were analyzed using a mixed model, analysis of variance and Tukey's tests.
Results: The number of regrowths in L. leucocephala was higher than M. oleifera. The T2 had the highest behavior at 60 d, for L. leucocephala it was similar between pruning and frequencies. The diameter and length were greater for T2 at both frequencies, at 60 d for T3 and at 135 d for T4. Biomass was higher in M. oleífera than L. leucocephala, pruning at 70 cm was better than at 50 cm. Pruning at 135 days obtained higher biomass than at 60 days. T2 obtained higher biomass at 60 d, T1 and T4 at 135 d.
Study limitations/implications: Forage species, frequencies and pruning heights determine the growth potential and amount of biomass available to the animals.
Findings/conclusions:Leucaena leucocephala has better agronomic performance in response to pruning without influencing the height and frequency of pruning in a silvopastoral system.Objective: To evaluate two different heights (50 and 70 cm) and pruning frequencies (60 and 135 days) in Moringa oleifera and Leucaena leucocephala in a developing silvopastoral system.
Design/methodology/approach: Four treatments were established: T1=Moringa oleifera with pruning at 50 cm; T2=Moringa oleifera with pruning at 70 cm; T3=Leucaena leucocephala with pruning at 50 cm; and T4=Leucaena leucocephala with pruning at 70 cm. In all cases, pruning frequencies were 60 and 135 days. The number of sprouts, diameter, and length of the largest sprout, as well as the amount of biomass, were recorded. A mixed model, variance analysis, and Tukey's test were used to analyze the data.
Results: The number of regrowths for L. leucocephala was higher than for M. oleifera. Treatment T2 had the highest performance at day 60; in the case of L. leucocephala, performance was similar between pruning frequencies. For T2, diameter and length were larger at both frequencies; for T3, at 60 days; and for T4, at 135 days. Biomass was higher for M. oleifera than for L. leucocephala, while pruning at 70 cm was better than at 50 cm. Pruning at 135 days produced a higher biomass than at 60 days. For T2, biomass was higher at 60 days, while for T1 and T4, it was higher at 135 days.
Study limitations/implications: Forage species, as well as pruning frequencies and heights, determine tree growth potential and the amount of biomass available for animals.
Findings/conclusions: The agronomic performance of Leucaena leucocephala has a better response to pruning, regardless of pruning height and frequency, in a silvopastoral system
Characterization of the biochemical and nutritional content in simple white grain maize (Zea mays L.) crosses
Get PDFOur research focused on the characterization of the nutritional and biochemical content of 25 genotypes: 5 S4 inbred lines and the 20 possible single crosses formed between them, due to the lack of knowledge about the nutritional composition and its variation within the germplasm of the white corn breeding program. In kernels of each genotype we determined the content of oil, starch, protein, ash and phytic acid. Results showed that for the parents and the crosses, correspondingly, the intervals of the substances under study were: a) Oil: from 5.99 to 3.84 and 6.40 to 3.55 g ? 100 g-1, b) Protein: from 8.26 to 5.43 and 9.83 to 5.56 g ? 100 g-1, c) Starch: from 88.25 to 74.48 and 96.64 to 72.57 g ? 100 g-1, d) Ash: from 1.90 to 1.20 and 2.0 to 0.89 g ? 100 g-1, e) Phytic acid: from 2.40 to 1.08 and 2.29 to 1.11 g ? 100 g-1. We observed that in comparison to the parents, the crosses only were significantly superior in the content of starch; although, within each group there were statistical differences of the contents. The crosses that showed higher contents for a nutritional component were those in which at least one parent had a high composition of the nutrient. The variation in the nutritional and biochemical content showed that there is diversity among genotypes, which is linked to the contrasting genetic origin of the inbred lines and is feasible to be used. This research showed the potential of taking advantage of the nutritional components of white corn through crosses (specially its starch content).E
Objective: To characterize the nutritional and biochemical content of 25 genotypes: 5 S4 inbred lines and the 20 possible single crosses formed between them.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The content of oil, starch, protein, ash and phytic acid was determined in kernels of each genotype, using the American Association of Cereal Chemists’ methods; the information obtained was analyzed by a complete randomized experimental design and Tukey’s means tests.
Results: For the parents and the crosses, correspondingly, the intervals of the substances under study were: a) Oil: from 5.99 to 3.84 and 6.40 to 3.55 g ∙ 100 g-1, b) Protein: from 8.26 to 5.43 and 9.83 to 5.56 g ∙ 100 g-1, c) Starch: from 88.25 to 74.48 and 96.64 to 72.57 g ∙ 100 g-1, d) Ash: from 1.90 to 1.20 and 2.0 to 0.89 g ∙ 100 g-1, e) Phytic acid: from 2.40 to 1.08 and 2.29 to 1.11 g ∙ 100 g-1.
Study Limitations/Implications: The study shows that in comparison to the parents, the crosses were only significantly superior in the content of starch, although there were statistical differences of the contents within each group. The crosses that showed higher contents for a nutritional component were those in which at least one parent had a high composition of the nutrient.
Findings/Conclusions: The variation in the nutritional and biochemical content showed that there is diversity among genotypes, which is linked to the contrasting genetic origin of the inbred lines and is feasible to be used. This research showed the potential of taking advantage of the nutritional components of white maize through crosses (specially its starch content)
Enzyme biomarker response in Zenaida asiatica from an agricultural area of Campeche, Mexico: Biomarkers in Z. asiatica in Campeche
No full textObjetive: To evaluate the response of CAT, AChE and GST enzymatic biomarkers in Zenaida Asiatic from an agricultural area of the municipality of Champotón, Campeche.
Design/methodology/approach: The biomarkers AChE, CAT and GST were analyzed in tissues of 24 birds from backyards and agricultural areas of Champotón, Campeche. The enzymatic activities in the tissues were compared by means of a t test and comparison of means (Tukey P≤0.05), with the Statistica vs 7 software.
Results: The highest AChE activity occurred in the brain (p=0.00001), CAT in liver (p=0.00001) and GST in liver and brain (p=0.001).
Limitations on study/implications: To evaluate the effect of pesticides on wild birds, a larger number of individuals is required in different agricultural areas.
Findings/conclusions: In the tissues of Z. asiatica from agricultural areas, greater activity of the biomarkers AChE, CAT and GST was found, reflecting the excessive use of pesticides.Objective: To evaluate the response of CAT, AChE, and GST enzyme biomarkers in Zenaida asiatica from an agricultural area of the municipality of Champotón, Campeche.
Design/methodology/approach: The biomarkers AChE, CAT, and GST were analyzed in tissues of 24 birds from backyards and agricultural areas of Champotón, Campeche. The enzymatic activities in the tissues were compared by means of a t test and comparison of means (Tukey p≤0.05), with the Statistica v. 7 software.
Results: The highest AChE activity occurred in the brain (p=0.00001), CAT activity in liver (p=0.00001), and GST activity in liver and brain (p=0.001).
Study limitations/implications: To evaluate the effect of pesticides on wild birds, a larger number of individuals is required in different agricultural areas.
Findings/conclusions: In the tissues of Z. asiatica from agricultural areas, greater activity of the biomarkers AChE, CAT, and GST was found, reflecting the excessive use of pesticides
Malnutrition in elementary rural schools in the municipality of Paso de Ovejas, Veracruz, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate malnutrition in basic education students from four rural schools belonging to the municipality of Paso de Ovejas, Veracruz, Mexico.
Methodology: The study is based on the Participatory Action-Research (PAR) process, it is descriptive, analytical, non-experimental and cross-sectional. Through anthropometric measurements, the body mass index (BMI) was determined for 617 children and adolescents. To determine malnutrition, the tables proposed by the World Health Organization 2007 were taken as a reference, which indicate the BMI according to gender and age.
Results: 47% of the students are in a normal nutritional state. In the rest of the student population, the problem of malnutrition predominated, with 43% being overweight and obese, and regarding malnutrition in its three levels (mild, moderate and severe), it had an impact on 10%, with girls being the most frequency to this problem.
Implication: the study does not present dietary surveys or medical history of the students, since anthropometry is a method validated by the WHO.
Findings: 53% of students face nutritional problems such as: overweight, obesity and malnutrition. Therefore, it is necessary to implement strategies in a participatory manner, as well as to develop a nutritional education program based on the “territorial food system” respecting their culture and, based on this, encourage the co-design of school and / or family gardens through agroecopedagogy.Objective: To assess malnutrition in elementary education students from four rural schools in the municipality of Paso de Ovejas, Veracruz, Mexico.
Methodology: The study is based on the participatory action research process (PAR), a descriptive, analytical, non-experimental, and cross-sectional methodology. The body mass index (BMI) of 617 children and teenagers was measured through an anthropometric assessment. To determine malnutrition, the 2007 World Health Organization report which measures BMI according to gender and age was taken as reference.
Results: Forty-seven percent of the students have a normal nutritional status. Among the rest of the student population, the problem of malnutrition is prevalent, with 43% being overweight or obese. Malnutrition in its three levels (mild, moderate, and severe) had an impact on 10% of the population, with girls being the most frequently affected.
Implication: The study does not present dietary surveys nor students’ medical histories. Still, anthropometry is a method validated by WHO.
Findings: Nutritional problems —such as overweight, obesity, and malnutrition— were observed in 53% of the students. Therefore, it is necessary to implement strategies that follow a participatory model and to develop a nutritional education program based on the “territorial food system”. This will foster respect for the local culture and encourage the co-design of school and/or family kitchen gardens through agro-ecopedagogy