Revista Agro Productividad
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Yield and nutritional value of Cenchrus purpureus VC Maralfalfa grass
No full textObjective: Characterize the yield traits and nutritional values of Maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum glaucum, L. x P. purpureum Schumacher), under humid tropical conditions.
Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in the Germplasm Bank from Rosario Izapa Experimental Unit, plant height, number of tillers, and fresh herbage and dry matter production were evaluated. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of grass samples were determined at 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 and 97 days.
Results: Plant height, number of trillers, and fresh herbage and dry matter production increased as cutting age increased. In relation to the nutritional value, the crude protein content decreased as the cutting age increased, but the NDF and ADF content increased, consequently, the DVDMS decreased.
Limitations of the study/implications: The study was carried out in the humid tropics; the evaluation is required to be carried out under dry tropic conditions.
Findings/conclusions: The appropriate harvest time of Maralfalfa grass in humid tropical conditions is between 42 and 56 days of regrowth, whereas nutritional values decrease over time
Bibliometric analysis of wastewater treatment with microalgae in the period 1985–2023
Get PDFThere is a significant increase in documents published since 2013, and up to 68 articles in 2022. The authors with the highest number of contributions on the topic are Ivet Ferrer and Joan García. The countries most involved in this issue are China, Spain, India and Brazil; China being the one with the highest number of publications. The TARcM studies in 2023 will investigate biomass accumulation and nutrient removal as a way to make sustainable use of the process.E
Objective. To indicate the condition of the wastewater treatment with microalgae (WTwM) research.
Methodology. The words treatment, wastewater, and microalgae, were entered as keywords in a search under "article title" in SCOPUS. The documents found were saved and exported as a file with a .bb extension. From R Studio, the BIBLIOMETRIX interface was linked to R Statistics. The interface was opened from MOZILLA to import the .bb file.
Results. There is a significant increase in the number of papers published since 2013, up to 68 articles in 2022. The authors with the highest number of contributions on the subject are Ivet Ferrer and Joan García. The countries most involved in this issue are China, Spain, India and Brazil; China is the one with the highest number of publications. The WTwM studies in 2023 are concerned with investigating biomass accumulation and nutrient removal as a way to make sustainable use of the process. Conclusions. WTwM is a research topic that is studying and disseminating knowledge since the 80's. The author who stands out the most is Ivet Ferrer. China has little collaboration with scientists from other countries. The most recent WTwM studies address issues related to biodiesel production and biogas production. The topics to be addressed in future research will be related to the study of temperature, osmotic capacity, pH and O2 levels
Economic evaluation of the “Healthy Water for La Laguna” project
Get PDFObjective: To identify the costs and benefits attributable to the “Healthy Water for La Laguna” project, quantifying and evaluating them throughout their useful life, with the aim of judging the convenience of conducting this project.
Design/methodology/approach: An Economic-Financial Evaluation was conducted determining the main economic indicators: Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Cost-Benefit Rate (C/B R).
Results: The project “Healthy Water for La Laguna” was profitable given the following indicators: Social Net Present Value of $26´819,451,175 in a horizon of evaluation of 34 years considering a discount rate of 10%, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 35.29%, and a Benefit-Cost Rate of 2.8. In the sensitivity analysis, it was determined that the project shows a low sensitivity to the increase in investment and operation costs. However, it was seen that the variable that could have the most significant impact is that of benefits, since a reduction of more than 64.33% would make the Net Present Value (NPV) lower than zero.
Limitations on study/implications: The one limitation found in the study was the lack of information, since some missing data had to be estimated.
Findings/conclusions: It can be concluded that the execution of the project is essential and necessary to achieve an immediate increase in the consumption of drinking water in the locations covered by the project, in addition to serving as a departure point to improve the quality of the water used and to reduce the impacts of overexploitation
Early prediction of milk yield from Holstein-Friesian cow lactation in Querétaro, Mexico
No full textObjective: To obtain a machine learning (ML) model to predict milk yield for the same lactation and adjusted to 305 d (MY305).
Design/methodology/approach: We used a test-day (TD) database consisting of 11,892 lactation records with more than 150 days in milk (DIM), coming from 19 dairy farms located in Querétaro, Mexico. We standardized milk yield to specific DIM (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40) to obtain estimates of MY305 using ML modeling. The herd, month of birth of the cow, month of start of lactation, lactation number, number of days to three daily milking and the first two linear somatic cell scores were also incorporated as explanatory variables.
Results: The best goodness of fit was achieved with model ensembles, obtaining a deviance of 1503584 for the training data (with 80% of data chosen at random), while with 20% of the data reserved to evaluate the model’s deviance was 1576776. The relationship between observed data and MY305 predictions from the ensemble of models, had a coefficient of determination of r2 = 0.79 and RMSE of 1256. In the best model (deviance of 2281420) of the 'deep learning' type, the most important variables were the milk yield at 30, 10, 5 and 20 DIM (19.9, 16.6, 16.2 and 12.8%, respectively).
Limitations on study/implications: RMSE values are high. TD databases are generated regularly and following systematic measurement procedures but not many dairy farms are represented.
Findings/conclusions: For the database examined, milk yield in the early lactation phase together with an ensemble of learning models showed adequate prediction of milk yield adjusted to 305 d.
Keywords: machine learning, somatic cells, lactation curve, test dayObjective: To obtain a machine learning (ML) model to predict the milk yield adjusted to 305 d (MY305) from the same lactation period.
Design/methodology/approach: A database of test days (TD) was used, made up by 11,892 records of daily milk production from cows with more than 150 days in milk (DIM), from 19 barns in Querétaro, Mexico. The milk production was standardized to specific DIMs (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40) and estimations of MY305 were obtained with these, using ML models. The following were incorporated as explicative variables of the herd: month of birth of the cow, month of start of lactation, number of lactation, number of days for three daily milking events, and the two first linear scores of somatic cells.
Results: The best goodness of fit was achieved with ensemble models, obtaining a deviance of 1503584 in the training with 80% of data chosen randomly, while with 20% of the data reserved to evaluate the deviance model it was 1576776. The rate between data observed and predictions of MY305 of the ensemble models had a coefficient of determination of r2 = 0.79 and RMSE of 1256. In the best individual model (deviance of 2281420) of ‘deep learning’ type, the most important variables were daily milk production of 30, 10, 5 and 20 DIM (19.9, 16.6, 16.2 and 12.8%, respectively).
Limitations on study/implications: The value of RMSE is high, although the TD databases are generated systematically and usually there are not many barns represented.
Findings/conclusions: For the database examined, milk production in the early phase of lactation together with a set of automatic learning models resulted in an adequate prediction of MY305
Effect of spontaneous micro-fermentation on the physicochemical characteristics of Theobroma cacao L. beans
Get PDFCocoa beans must undergo postharvest processing that encompasses the fermentation, drying, and roasting stage for the development of flavor precursors providing desirable aroma and flavor profiles. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of cocoa beans during the spontaneous fermentation process in three different sizes of Tepemixtle wooden boxes. The cocoa pods of the Trinitario variety were collected in the municipality of Tuzantán, Chiapas. They were transported to the laboratory to be washed and broken. After that, fermentations were carried out in boxes with the following operating conditions, which were the volume of cocoa with pulp and box size, for six days, at uncontrolled temperature and pH. The experiments were carried out in triplicate, an analysis of variance and multiple comparisons of means was carried out with the Tukey test (p<0.05) using the R program. The box size with a capacity of 4 kg presents the same behavior in the evaluated parameters. Regarding the box sizes with a capacity of 25 kg and 60 kg, this indicates that the cocoa beans are not affected in the physicochemical and quality characteristics by the decrease in the size of the box, making it viable to carry out fermentations. on a small scale. The use of small-scale fermentations can be an option for the evaluation of varieties where it is necessary to ferment the grains for the sensory analysis of the qualitative attributes, in addition to incorporating this micro fermentation methodology in genetic improvement programs or evaluation of processes for their optimization.Objective: To evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of cacao beans during the spontaneous fermentation process in tepemixtle wooden boxes of three different sizes.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Trinitarian-type cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) fruits were collected in a commercial orchard. The beans were fermented in boxes with the following operating conditions: volume of cacao with pulp, box size, a six-day period, and uncontrolled temperature and pH. The experiments were carried out in triplicate and an analysis of variance and a multiple comparison of means were performed with the Tukey test (p<0.05) using the R program.
Results: The parameters evaluated had the same behavior in the 4 kg box than in the 25 kg box and the 60 kg box, which indicates that the physicochemical and quality characteristics of cacao beans are not impacted by the decrease in the box size. Therefore, smaller boxes are viable for small-scale fermentations.
Study Limitations/Implications: Only cacao beans from the Trinitarian genetic group were evaluated.
Findings/Conclusions: Small-scale fermentations can be an option for the evaluation of varieties when the beans must be fermented for the sensory analysis of their qualitative attributes. This micro-fermentation methodology can also be incorporated into genetic improvement programs or the evaluation of the processes aimed at their optimization
State of poeciliid fishes in the international market
Get PDFObjective: To make a review about the knowledge of the fish of the family poecilidade in Mexico in the main areas of knowledge.
Design/methodology/approach: The present review was carried out through the search and bibliographic compilation of literature, as well as in the consultation of articles in different databases, for its subsequent analysis.
Results: Poeciliid fish are the most widespread group of ornamental fish internationally, they are found in all international markets, leading productions for aquarium purposes, and therefore have great economic importance within the trade of aquatic organisms for commercial purposes. Ornamental.
Limitations on study/implications: The Poeciliids are a well-known group of fish, however information on marketing and specific sales data is limited.
Findings/conclusions: The most sold fish is the Guppy (P. reticulata), followed by mollies, platies and swordtails, which constitute the main internationally traded poeciliids.Objetivo: Hacer una revisión y análisis acerca del papel que tienen los peces poecílidos dentro del mercado internacional.
Diseño/metodología/aproximación: La presente investigación se realizó mediante la búsqueda y recopilación bibliográfica de literatura, así como en la consulta de artículos en diferentes bases de datos, para su posterior análisis y procesamiento de la información.
Resultados: Los peces poecílidos son el grupo de peces ornamentales más extendido a nivel internacional, se encuentran en todos los mercados internacionales, liderando las producciones con fines de acuariofilia, por lo que tienen gran importancia económica dentro del comercio de organismos acuáticos con fines ornamentales
Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Los poecílidos son un grupo de peces bien conocido, sin embargo, la información sobre comercialización y datos específicos de venta se encuentra limitado.
Hallazgos/conclusiones: El pez más vendido es el Guppy (P. reticulata), seguido de los mollies, platies y colas de espada, los cuales constituyen los principales poecílidos comercializados a nivel internacional
Global Trends in Blue Carbon Research in Mangroves
Get PDFObjective: Identify the central themes and research trends on blue carbon in mangroves through bibliometric analysis of the existing global scientific literature.
Design/methodology/approach: A total of 1,128 scientific papers obtained from Scopus for the period 1986-2023 were analyzed. The Bibliometrix package in R studio and VOSviewer were used for processing.
Results: Results from a total of 4,602 authors, 94 countries, 64 subject areas and 346 journals indicated an exponential growth (R2= 0.99) in mangrove carbon research. The most productive author, country, subject area, and journal were Lovelock, L. C., United States of America, environmental sciences, and Science of The Total Environment, respectively. The studies focused on four thematic areas: carbon storage, sedimentation, blue carbon dynamics, as well as climate change and anthropogenic impact. Topics related to blue carbon, carbon storage, climate change, restoration and remote sensing are of current interest to the scientific community.
Limitations on study/implications: Scopus covers a large number of peer-reviewed journals, but may omit some relevant research on the topic. Although the main research topics were identified, deeper information on each research topic is still needed.
Findings/conclusions: The four relevant global issues on blue carbon research in mangroves were identified, which can serve as a roadmap for researchers to orient effort and budget for future scientific research in a timely manner.Objective: To identify the central themes and research trends on blue carbon in mangroves through a bibliometric analysis of the existing global scientific literature.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A total of 1,128 scientific documents from the period 1986-2023 were analyzed, obtained from the Scopus database. The Bibliometrix package in R Studio and VOSviewer were used for processing.
Results: The results, encompassing 4,602 authors, 94 countries, 64 research areas, and 346 journals, indicated an exponential growth (R² = 0.99) in mangrove carbon research. The most productive author, country, research area, and journal were Lovelock, L. C., the United States of America, environmental sciences, and Science of The Total Environment, respectively. The studies focused on four thematic clusters: carbon storage, sedimentation, carbon dynamics, and climate change and anthropogenic impact. Topics related to blue carbon, carbon stores, climate change, restoration, and remote sensing are currently of significant interest to the scientific community.
Study Limitations/Implications: While Scopus covers a vast number of peer-reviewed journals, it may omit some relevant research on the topic. Although the main research themes were identified, more in-depth information on each of them is still needed.
Findings/Conclusions: Four globally relevant themes in blue carbon research in mangroves were identified, providing a roadmap for researchers to strategically direct efforts and funding in future scientific investigations
Milking to 2030: economic and sustainability prospective of the Mexican dairy sector
Get PDFObjective: This study aims to assess the productive and economic performance of the Mexican milk sector, particularly focusing on small and medium-scale dairy farms, and examining pessimistic, base, and optimistic scenarios.
Design/methodology/approach: Employing a statistical univariate method with time series analysis (ARIMA), we analyzed productive efficiency and price behavior in Mexican dairy systems. Deterministic and stochastic estimations for production volume, milk price, and cattle inventory from 2021 to 2030 were established using confidence intervals to construct pessimistic (lower interval), base (mean), and optimistic (upper interval) scenarios.
Results: The evaluated period witnessed an estimated 10.27% increase in production, equivalent to 576 million liters of milk, with an average annual growth rate of 1.0922%. Milk prices displayed an upward trend, with average prices of 0.69, and 0.45 USD per liter in 2030, costs under pessimistic, base, and optimistic scenarios were 1,756.43, and 1,160.75, 1,022.45 from milk sales. Cattle inventory exhibited an upward trend, paralleling milk volumes and prices.
Limitations on study/implications: The study's use of a univariate method may incompletely capture market dynamics complexity, potentially underestimating the impact of external market forces and global economic conditions on milk prices.
Findings/conclusions: To secure forecasted milk volumes in base and optimistic scenarios, maintaining and enhancing good management practices is crucial. Additionally, addressing the imperative to augment production efficiency and improve environmental sustainability and animal welfare is essential.Objective: This study aims to assess the productive and economic performance of the Mexican milk sector, particularly focusing on small and medium-scale dairy farms, and examining pessimistic, base, and optimistic scenarios.
Design/methodology/approach: Employing a statistical univariate method with time series analysis (ARIMA), we analyzed productive efficiency and price behavior in Mexican dairy systems. Deterministic and stochastic estimations for production volume, milk price, and cattle inventory from 2021 to 2030 were established using confidence intervals to construct pessimistic (lower interval), base (mean), and optimistic (upper interval) scenarios.
Results: The evaluated period witnessed an estimated 10.27% increase in production, equivalent to 576 million liters of milk, with an average annual growth rate of 1.0922%. Milk prices displayed an upward trend, with average prices of 0.69, and 0.45 USD per liter in 2030, costs under pessimistic, base, and optimistic scenarios were 1,756.43, and 1,160.75, 1,022.45 from milk sales. Cattle inventory exhibited an upward trend, paralleling milk volumes and prices.
Limitations on study/implications: The study's use of a univariate method may incompletely capture market dynamics complexity, potentially underestimating the impact of external market forces and global economic conditions on milk prices.
Findings/conclusions: To secure forecasted milk volumes in base and optimistic scenarios, maintaining and enhancing good management practices is crucial. Additionally, addressing the imperative to augment production efficiency and improve environmental sustainability and animal welfare is essential
Assessment of tepojal as a support medium in in vitro germination of Barkeria whartoniana (Orchidaceae) and subcultures of B. uniflora and B. scandens
Get PDFObjective: We evaluated the use of tepojal as a substitute for bacteriological agar for in vitro culture of three species of Mexican orchids of the genus Barkeria. We had three objectives: (1) evaluate the use of tepojal for the in vitro germination of B. whartoniana seeds; (2) compare the growth and survival of B. uniflora and B. scandens plants in in vitro culture on bacteriological agar and tepojal, and (3) compare the early ex situ survival of the B. uniflora and B. scandens previously cultivated in vitro on bacteriological agar and tepojal.
Design/Methodology/Approach: For the growth experiment, 1,050 seedlings of Barkeria scandens and B. uniflora were used. Two types of culture medium were prepared: (1) Liquid with tepojal and 40 % MS medium with dextrose, yeast, coconut water, activated carbon and refined sugar, and (2) solid at 40 %, with the same elements as the liquid one, but with 6 g of bacteriological agar. For the germination experiment of Barkeria whartoniana in tepojal we use seeds from a mature (open) capsule. After disinfection, seeds were sown in tepojal with liquid medium and in a solid (agar) culture using a syringe technique. All the seeds were sown in 100 % p668 MS medium with 100 mL/L of coconut water and 15 g/L of refined sugar and using in both the MS medium.
Results: Barkeria uniflora seedlings had a greater growth than in B. scandens regardless of the type of treatment. When comparing within each species, we found that the two treatments (tepojal vs agar) did not produce differences in the growth of the shoot of both species. Roots growth was influenced by both the effect of the species and the treatment, as the longest roots were found in tepojal medium. Seed germination observed in the liquid medium with tepojal was not apparently different from that in agar. In both cases the entire surface of the jar was covered with green protocorms.
Findings/Conclusions: Tepojal did function well as a substrate to germinate Barkeria whartoniana, but tests must continue to be carried out to evaluate its effectiveness. As no differences were found for aerial growth between agar and tepojal in Barkeria scandens and Barkeria uniflora, we consider this substrate as a good substitute for agar because it can produce more biomass per gram of culture medium used; therefore, if we consider the costs the use of tepojal is much cheaper and much easier to get
Study of textural properties Frankfurter’s sausages modified with candelilla wax oleogel
Get PDFObjective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the characteristics of Frankfurt-type sausages formulated with soybean and canola oleogel structured with candelilla wax (CW).
Design/methodology/approach: Evaluated the physicochemical properties and textural attributes through storage time (1 and 21 days) after a partial or total substitution of the fat phase in the meat emulsion (50% and 100%) in two comercial edible oil [soybean oil (SO) and canola oil (CO)].
Results: The physicochemical characterization showed that retained higher moisture as the animal fat was displaced in the formulation, being 100% SO and 100% CO (43.46% and 40.64% respectively) those that conserved higher humidity, as well as fat and protein values. Additionally, the samples responded incrementally in 50%SO and 100%SO than in CO, after storage this in hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, stickiness and chewiness profiles. Besides 100%SO and 100%CO were the ones that developed the greater hardness over time.
Limitations on study/implications: Limitations in the manufacture of sausages, which implied a longer maturation time of the meat matrix in order to obtain a stable emulsion.
Findings/conclusions: these results are promising to establish processing parameters in order to design an attractive final product for the consumer, helping to reduce the consumption of saturated fats and trans fats.
Keywords: Oleogels, Vegetable wax, edible oil, Frankfurt Sausages, Saturated fat.Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las características de embutidos tipo Frankfurt formulados con oleogel de soja y canola estructurados con cera de candelilla (CW).
Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se evaluaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas y atributos texturales a través del tiempo de almacenamiento (1 y 21 días) después de una sustitución parcial o total de la fase grasa en la emulsión cárnica (50% y 100%) en dos aceites comestibles comerciales [aceite de soja (SO) y canola. aceite (CO)]
Resultados: La caracterización fisicoquímica mostró que retuvieron mayor humedad a medida que la grasa animal era desplazada en la formulación, siendo 100% SO y 100% CO (43,46% y 40,64% respectivamente) los que conservaron mayor humedad, así como valores de grasa y proteína. Además, las muestras respondieron incrementalmente en 50%SO y 100%SO que en CO, después del almacenamiento esto en perfiles de dureza, elasticidad, cohesividad, pegajosidad y masticabilidad. Además el 100%SO y el 100%CO fueron los que desarrollaron mayor dureza con el tiempo.
Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Limitaciones en la manufactura de salchichas, lo que implicó mayor tiempo de maduración de la matriz cárnica a fin de obtener una emulsión estable.
Hallazgos/conclusiones: Podemos concluir que la sustitución con una matriz de oleogel y cera vegetal nos permite establecer parámetros de procesamiento obteniendo un sustituto bajo en grasas saturadas y grasas trans de salchicha tipo Frankfurt.
Palabras clave: Oleogel, Cera vegetal, Aceites comestibles, Salchichas Frankfurt, Grasa saturada