Revista Agro Productividad
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Yield potential of onion genotypes in the Planicie Huasteca, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To identify new generation onion genotypes with high yield per unit that meet the bulb quality characteristics required by the export market.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Eight onion hybrids with yellow bulb, six hybrids with white bulb, and three hybrids with purple bulb were evaluated. The experiments were established with drip irrigation and fertigation. The agronomic characteristics of the plant and the production and quality of the bulb were evaluated, using the USDA specifications for bulb width and shape. The experiments were carried out using a completely randomized block design, with three replications; the statistical analysis was performed using the SAS software, version 9.2.
Results: The best onion genetic materials for the Planicie Huasteca were the yellow bulb hybrids Wayne and Don Víctor, the white bulb hybrids Blanca Grande, Monja Blanca, and Don Alberto, and the purple bulb hybrid Rasta, all of which have high production capacity and bulb quality.
Study Limitations/Implications: Onion (Allium cepa L.) is the most extensive horticultural crop in the Planicie Huasteca, Mexico. Although regional producers establish outstanding genotypes, they require information about the new generation genetic materials, if they are to remain competitive in the export market. Therefore, the new genotypes with the best high yield potential and bulb quality must be evaluated to select those that meet the requirements of the market.
Findings/Conclusions: Yellow, white, and purple bulb onion genotypes with high production capacity that meet the requirements of the markets were identified
Monitoring of the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Walker) Moth for the Determination of Efficient Chemical Control in Zea mays L.
Get PDFObjective: To determine the population dynamics of the fall armyworm (FAW), identify the critical period of highest infestation and to determine the number of agrochemicals applications for its control.
Design/methodology/approach: A monitoring and capture of male FAW moths was conducted using plastic traps with sexual attraction pheromones. A daily count of captured moths was performed during the crop season, the data were plotted to determine the period of highest infestation and the optimal timing for chemical control. Additionally, the number of insecticide applications for FAW control was evaluated, with treatments including none (T0), one (T1), two (T2), three (T3), and four (T4) applications. A randomized complete block design with nine repetitions was used. Before each application, the number of plants with visible damage and its intensity were counted using the Davis visual scale. Statistical analysis of the measured variables was conducted.
Results: The results showed that moths were evenly distributed across the planted surface, and two periods of higher infestation were identified: between 32 to 35 and 70 to 76 days after planting, respectively. The biological cycle of the FAW was between 38 to 41 days. The analysis of variance showed statistical differences (p ≤ 0.001) among the treatments.
Findings/conclusions: Using plastic traps with sexual attraction pheromones is an efficient method for capturing, monitoring, reducing the population, estimate the length of the biological cycle, and identifying the highest infestation period of the FAW. Moreover, two insecticide applications during the periods of highest infestation resulted in optimal control of FAW
Patterns of orchid abundance and diversity in an elevation gradient in the tropical montane cloud forest of Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico
No full textObjective: To analyze the orchid abundance and diversity in an elevation gradient in the tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) of Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Orchids were sampled in 100 × 20 m temporary transects, randomly distributed in an elevation gradient (T1=800-900, T2=901-1,000, T3=1,001-1,100, T4=1,101-1,200, and T5=1,201-1,300 m). Each specimen was georeferenced, species were identified, and the conservation status was determined.
Results: The diversity in the area reached 26 orchid species from 16 genera. The passport data of 204 specimens were recorded.
Study Limitations/Implications: The greatest abundance, richness, and diversity were recorded in T3. This result matches the favorable temperature and humidity conditions required for the development of orchids in a TMCF.
Findings/Conclusions: Stanhopea tigrina is in danger of extinction. Therefore, the following protocol is urgently required: in vitro propagation, release of individuals into the environment, and follow-up of wild populations for genetic improvement purposes
Characterization of weed flora in a cassava crop in Tabasco
Get PDFObjective: to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of Crotalaria juncea L. as a green manure on the weed community in cassava crop in Tabasco.
Design/methodology/approach: the study was carried out in the Experimental Field of Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Tabasco (18º01' N and 93º03' W). The samplings were done on four dates: 1) at the planting of crotalaria (12/03/2018); 2) at flowering (31/01/2019); 3) 20 days after incorporation (22/02/2019); 4) at cassava harvest (25/04/2019) using metal squares 50 x 50 cm. Two planting densities, 50 and 80 cm (16,600 and 10,375 plants ha-1), and two doses of NPK fertilization (160-40-80 and 00-40-80+GM) were tested, and a control. The name of the species, number of individuals and coverage (percentage) were recorded to calculate the richness indices (S), Shannon diversity (H'), uniformity (E) and importance value index (IVI).
Results: The weed community consisted of 32 species, 28 genera and 16 families, the best represented: Convolvulaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae; the most recorded species: Lindernia crustacea, Ludwigia octovalvis and Ageratum houstonianum. Diversity index reflected a poor community, especially GM treatments. Diversity ranged from low to medium and uniformity from medium to high. The importance of the species was more related to the environmental conditions than to the treatments; Cyperaceae were more important in the rainy season and Asteraceae in dry season; L. crustacea appeared throughout the cycle.
Limitations/implications: it is advisable to extend the investigation period.
Findings/conclusions: the weed flora consisted of 32 species; Convolvulaceae family and L. crustacea species were the most diverse and the most recorded during the cycle, respectively. Diversity indices reflected a poor community. The importance of families was related to the environmental conditions; Cyperaceae stood out in the rainy season and Asteraceae in the dry seasonObjective: To evaluate the effect of the incorporation of Crotalaria juncea L. as green manure on the weed community in a cassava crop in Tabasco.
Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in the Experimental Field of Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Tabasco (18º01' N and 93º03' W). The samplings were made on four dates: 1) at the planting of crotalaria (12/03/2018); 2) at flowering (31/01/2019); 3) 20 days after incorporation (22/02/2019); 4) at cassava harvest (25/04/2019), using metal squares 50 x 50 cm. Two planting densities, 50 and 80 cm (16,600 and 10,375 plants ha-1), two doses of NPK fertilization (160-40-80 and 00-40-80+GM), and a control were tested. The name of the species, number of individuals and coverage (percentage) were recorded to calculate the richness (S), Shannon diversity (H') and uniformity (E) indices, and the importance value index (IVI).
Results: The weed community consisted of 32 species, 28 genera and 16 families, of which the best represented are: Convolvulaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae. The most frequently recorded species are Lindernia crustacea, Ludwigia octovalvis, and Ageratum houstonianum. The diversity indices reflected a poor community, especially with GM treatments; diversity ranged from low to medium and uniformity from medium to high. The importance of the families was more related to the environmental conditions than to the treatments; Cyperaceae were more important in the rainy season and Asteraceae in the dry season. L. crustacea appeared throughout the cycle.
Limitations/implications: It is advisable to extend the investigation period.
Findings/conclusions: The weed flora consisted of 32 species; the Convolvulaceae family was the most diverse and L. crustacea was the most recorded species during the cycle. The diversity indices reflected a poor community. The importance of the families was related to environmental conditions, where Cyperaceae stood out in the rainy season and Asteraceae in the dry seaso
Productive response of dual-purpose cows supplemented with chelate minerals and calcium salts
Get PDFObjective: Evaluate milk production, body condition and ethological behavior of grazing cows, supplemented with chelated minerals and calcium salts, in dry tropical conditions.
Design/methodology/approach: Two treatments were evaluated, T1 = Base feeding (grazing + 4 kg of concentrated feed cow-1 day-1 (CF); T2 = CF + 300 g cow-1 day-1 of nucleus (chelated minerals + calcium salts) (N). Milk productions were evaluated during 32 days in four periods of seven days, the body condition at the beginning, 15 and 30 days after the evaluation, and the ethological behavior of the cows.
Results: In cows supplemented with N, milk production increased 19.9% (P ≤ 0.05); body condition improved 0.5 units, there was no difference in grazing time (P>0.05) and rumination time was longer (P ≤ 0.05).
Study limitations/implications: response to reproductive variables was not assessed in this study/reproductive activity is likely to improve in response to improved body condition.
Findings/conclusions: By supplementing dual-purpose cows in the first third of lactation with chelated minerals and calcium salts, milk production increases, body condition and rumination time improve.Objective: To evaluate milk production, body condition and ethological behavior of grazing cows supplemented with chelated minerals and calcium salts, in dry tropical conditions.
Design/methodology/approach: Two treatments were evaluated, T1 = Base feeding (grazing + 4 kg of concentrated feed cow-1 day-1 (CF); T2 = CF + 300 g cow-1 day-1 of nucleus (chelated minerals + calcium salts) (N). Milk production data were evaluated during 32 days in four periods of seven days, the body condition at the beginning, 15 and 30 days after the evaluation, and the ethological behavior of the cows.
Results: In cows supplemented with nucelus, milk production increased 19.9% (P ≤ 0.05); body condition improved 0.5 units, there was no difference in grazing time (P>0.05) and rumination time was longer (P ≤ 0.05).
Limitations on study/implications: The response to reproductive variables was not assessed in this study/reproductive activity is likely to improve in response to improved body condition.
Findings/conclusions: By supplementing dual-purpose cows in the first third of lactation with chelated minerals and calcium salts, milk production increases, and body condition and rumination time improve
Economic valuation of a gallery landscape of ahuehuetes in Ciudad Mendoza Veracruz, using the AMUVAM method
Get PDFObjective: to determine the value, in monetary terms, of the landscape "Bosque de Galería de Ahuehuetes, in Mendoza, Veracruz", in order to have a reference for the purposes of planning and management of this environmental asset by the municipality.
Design/ Methodology/ Approach: the Analytic Multicriteria Valuation Method (AMUVAM) was used. A survey was made of 10 experts in the study area on the elements of the total economic value (VET) of the asset and the results were weighted to determine the importance of the components of the VET. The rent was determined based on the availability of the population to pay for the aesthetic enjoyment of the visit to the site; income updated by means of a social discount rate (TSD) to environmental projects with a time horizon of more than 30 years.
Results: an estimation of 23,603,041.37 USD was obtained as monetary value. It was the result of the valuation of the landscape of this gallery forest in November 2022.
Study limitations/ Implications: results were considered adequate. The main limitations of this type of studies are the time and economic resources needed in order to add other elements that could be considered beyond aesthetic enjoyment. Specific elements would allow to find an even more robust direct use value.
Findings / Conclusions: it can be noticed that the application of the method was adequate to determine the monetary value of this asset. Based on the determination of the willingness of people to pay for access to the aesthetic enjoyment of the analyzed landscape
Determination of geometric properties of cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.)
Get PDFObjective: Determine the linear physical dimensions of Mexican cocoa beans to estimate geometric properties and their differentiation through principal component analysis.
Design/methodology/approach: In the study 51 dry samples of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) from three producing states in Mexico were collected. Physical properties of the grains were determined from the linear dimensions: length, width, thickness, geometric diameter, sphericity, volume and shape factor. Additionally, humidity, average weight and ethereal extract were determined.
Results: The results showed the relationship between the linear and geometric properties, highlighting that the weight of the grain is significant (p<0.001) with the properties evaluated with the exception of humidity. explained 98.8 % of the total variation observed with the first two components among the cocoa samples from the three study states (Tabasco, Chiapas, and Oaxaca). Grain weight, sphericity and volume were the variables that contributed the most to the total variation.
Findings/conclusions: The weight of the grain was the quantitative variable that presented significance, the other measurements such as length, width and thickness did not present significance, but combined were significant.Objective: To determine the linear physical dimensions of dried Mexican cocoa beans to estimate their geometric properties and differentiate them through a principal component analysis.
Design/Methodology/Approach: For the research, 51 dry samples of cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) were collected from three producer states in Mexico. The physical properties of cocoa beans were determined based on their linear dimensions: length, width, thickness, geometric diameter, sphericity, volume, and shape factor. Moisture, average weight, and ether extract were also determined.
Results: The results revealed the relation between linear and geometric properties, particularly the fact that bean weight is significant (p<0.001) regarding all the properties evaluated, except moisture. Said relation explained 98.8% of the total variation in the first two components observed in the cocoa samples from the three states (Tabasco, Chiapas, and Oaxaca). Average bean weight, sphericity, and volume contributed the most to the total variation.
Findings/Conclusions: The only quantitative variable that showed significance was bean weight. The other measurements—length, width, and thickness—did not. However, there was significance when coupling the measurements in the expressions of surface area and volume
Effects of the combining ability of piquin pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Glabriusculum) from different geographical sites
Get PDFObjective: To evaluate the effects of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in agronomic variables of piquin pepper genotypes (Capsicum annuum var. Glabriusculum).
Methodology: A total of 36 F1 and nine parental crosses were used as plant material. The genotypes were distributed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Ten agronomic variables were evaluated.
Results: Differences (P≤ 0.01) were found in genotypes as well as in GCA and SCA for all the variables evaluated. Heritability was influenced by additive gene action where the variables days to harvest, chlorophyll, plant height, average fruit weight, fruit equatorial diameter and fruit polar diameter stood out. Regarding GCA, genotypes G6 and G7 stood out for having presented the highest positive values in the yield variable with 143.96 and 66.97 kg ha-1. On the other hand, in SCA, 58% of the crosses had favorable results in the yield variable. However, the highest positive values were found in the crosses G6xG7, G8xG9, G5xG9, G3xG4, G4xG8 and G1xG8 with 427.1, 190.5, 167.4, 146.8, 129.7 and 125.7 kg ha-1, respectively.
Conclusions: According to the effects of GCA and SCA on the agronomic variables of piquin pepper, the genotypes G6 and G7 can be used for variety development and the crosses G6xG7, G8xG9 and G5xG9 are recommended for hybrid formation in a breeding program.Objective: To evaluate the effects of the general combining ability (GCA) and the specific combining ability (SCA) on the agronomic variables of piquin pepper (Capsicum annuum var. Glabriusculum) genotypes.
Methodology: A total of 36 F1 and nine parental crosses were used as plant material. The genotypes were distributed in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Ten agronomic variables were evaluated.
Results: Differences (P≤ 0.01) were found in all the evaluated variables, both in the genotypes and in GCA and SCA. Additive gene action influenced heritability, where following variables stood out: days to harvest (DTH), chlorophyll (CHL), plant height (PH), average fruit weight (AFW), fruit equatorial diameter (FED), and fruit polar diameter (FPD). One the one hand, genotypes G6 and G7 recorded the highest positive yield values for GCA, with 143.96 and 66.97 kg ha-1, respectively. On the other hand, 58% of the SCA crosses obtained favorable yield results. Meanwhile, the highest positive values were obtained by the G6xG7, G8xG9, G5xG9, G3xG4, G4xG8, and G1xG8 crosses, which recorded 427.1, 190.5, 167.4, 146.8, 129.7, and 125.7 kg ha-1, respectively.
Conclusions: According to the effects of GCA and SCA on the agronomic variables of piquin pepper, the genotypes G6 and G7 can be used to develop varieties, while the G6xG7, G8xG9, and G5xG9 crosses are recommended for hybrid formation within breeding programs
Opportunities for territorial development in the transisthmic corridor; baseline diagnosis in the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca
Get PDFThe diagnosis was made in the period 2020-2021, in the municipalities of Matías Romero, Santa María Petapa and San Juan Guichicovi, Oaxaca, in the transoceanic corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the objective was to know the situation of livestock production, problems and potentialities. The universe was 215 producers, the sample of 19%. The low participation of women in this productive branch stands out, the average age is 46 years, with a level of primary and secondary schooling, speakers of the Zapotec indigenous language, low participation in organizational processes and access to public financing and private. Livestock activity takes place on average on 37 hectares, with cattle crosses between Bos taurus and Bos indicus, meat production, little use of forage conservation methods, and no use of commercial concentrates and nutritional blocks. They vaccinate against paralytic rabies or derriengue and brucellosis, among others. To control the tick, bathe regularly with a backpack sprayer and inject with Ivermectin. There are training needs in forage alternatives, sanitary management, preparation of balanced diets, and in the application of reproduction methods. The area of intervention does not allow deciding the positive impact on production levels, which may be had by the application of a technological model, due to the very limited time in which this strategy of extension and rural development was operated, but it can be indicated that with the technical support and the transfer methods among the farmers, there was acceptance and recognition of the intervention.Objective: The main objective was to know the current situation of livestock production, problems and potentialities, in the municipalities of Matías Romero, Santa María Petapa and San Juan Guichicovi, Oaxaca, located in the transoceanic corridor of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
Design/methodology/approach: The diagnosis was made in eight communities in the municipalities of Matías Romero, Santa María Petapa and San Juan Guichicovi, located north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec region, Oaxaca. To determine the sample size, the formula suggested by (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967 and Rojas, 1979) was used. It indicates that the elements must be selected through a random draw with replacement, to define the population, the list of production units registered in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, whose universe is 215, from which, a sample of 41 units was taken.
Results: 36% of the interviewees indicated that the ownership of their land is ejidal, 34% is communal and 30% is small property. The interviewed livestock producers develop their livestock activities on an average of 37 hectares. The production units with the smallest area are 8.5 hectares and those with the largest area are 140 hectares. Of the total number of interviewees, 78% provide themselves with water for cattle in the pasture or corrals, coming from rivers and streams, other sources are springs with 12% and dams with 10%. It is considered that the characteristics described provide adequate conditions for livestock. A problem that afflicts livestock in the tropics in the presence of Ixodoida spp, in addition to other types of Mites, the options and alternatives to combat the tick in the PRODETER territory are through the bathroom, regularly it is done by using spray backpack, also the use of Pour on (loin) and tick-killing baths. The misuse of tick control products has generated resistance and problems for farmers (Piña et al., 2017). More than half of the farmers do not participate in animal health campaigns, only 36% do participate. The animal health campaigns in which farmers participate in PRODETER are bovine tuberculosis and paralytic rabies, 24% respectively, tick control 20% and finally brucellosis with 16%. Leos-Rodríguez, (2008) in the work of economic and productive characterization of bovine cattle producers that make up the list of PROGAN beneficiaries in Mexico, observed that the percentage of producers that participated in campaigns against ticks, tuberculosis and brucellosis is above 91%. What is superior to what was found in this diagnosis.
Limitations on study/implications:
One of the main limitations was that the PRODETER Program was financed by the State for one year only and with that, in the first instance, it limited the intervention to see the effects and levels of adoption of the technological model in the Family Production Units
Findings/conclusions:
There is ignorance in the use of food supplements, so the development of calves, and the milk production and fertility of the cows, do not express the potential due to the lack of the necessary nutrients in the different productive stages. There is little use of the rangelands because the farmers ignore the practices to give maintenance, make divisions in the paddocks, so they do not rotate. Among the problems detected, the following stand out, among others: the lack of training, the lack of availability of technicians or experts to attend them, the cost of artificial insemination technology and the long periods between births, which causes calf production to decrease. Therefore, the lack of training in artificial insemination, stallion evaluation and crossbreeding systems for genetic improvement, limit the development of livestock with better quality standards in the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. The diagnosis as such provides elements for the territorial development of livestock in the transoceanic corridor, since it offers areas of opportunity throughout the production process and can satisfactorily help livestock in that regio
Characterization of native Ya´ax ik chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the Yucatan Peninsula
Get PDFObjective. Morphological characterization of the Ya´ax ik chile: mount chili (Capsicum annuum), native variety of the Yucatan peninsula.
Design/methodology/. Ya´ax ik chili pepper seeds were sown in 200-cavity polystyrene trays, and then the plants were placed in bags for hydroponics and were morphologically characterized using the Capsicum descriptor of the International Institute of Genetic Resources.
Results. Plant of 118 cm and 34.8 cm high and width of ramification and width of the intermediate plant, hanging white flowers and green fruits in the early stage and red at maturity of 7.42 and 2.32 cm long and width. Additionally, tolerance to the virus caused by whiteflies could be observed.
Findings and conclusions. Plant with morphological characteristics susceptible to be genetically improved for its extensive exploitation, given the market acceptance of the fresh and dried fruit, supported by market prices.Objective: To morphologically characterize the Ya´ax ik chili pepper: wild chili (Capsicum annuum), native variety from the Yucatan Peninsula.
Design/methodology: Ya´ax ik chili pepper seeds were sown in 200-cavity polystyrene trays, and then the plants were placed in bags for hydroponics and were morphologically characterized using the Capsicum descriptor of the International Institute of Genetic Resources.
Results: The plant showed 118 cm and 34.8 cm of height and ramification width and width of the intermediate plant, hanging white flowers and green fruits in the early stage and red at maturity with 7.42 and 2.32 cm length and width. Additionally, tolerance to the virus caused by whiteflies could be observed.
Findings and conclusions: Plant with morphological characteristics susceptible to be genetically improved for its extensive farming, given the market acceptance of the fresh and dried fruit, supported by market prices