Revista Agro Productividad
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Sampling unit and optimal sample size for the detection of Aeneolamia albofasciata (Lallemand) eggs in sugarcane
Get PDFABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the efficiency of a 30x30x5 cm iron sampling frame (Frame30) with a smaller 15x15x5 cm one (Frame15), as a sampling method that reduces the amount of soil removed, optimizes employed time, and reduces the sampling effort.
Design/methodology/approach: Mean, variance, coefficient of variation, sampling effort, spatial arrangement, and sample size were determined with both sampling frames. Forty systematic soil samples were obtained using each frame in two plots planted with the variety MEX 69-290 and two others with MEX 91-662. Each soil sample was mixed and homogenized, to obtain a subsample of 250 g, where eggs were extracted by decantation in saline solution.
Results: Both frames estimated different numbers of eggs in the four plots ( ) (Frame15: 2.71±1.71; 3.49±1.81; 2.74±2.08; 4.44±2.22; Frame30: 4.42±3.58; 6.65±3.92; 4.40±3.45; 7.84±4.54). Significant differences were found between sampling frames (P<0.0001) and plots (P<0.0001), but no differences (P=0.1509) in the plot-sampling frame interaction. The optimal sample size (precision 0.1) was smaller with Frame15 (40, 27, 57 y 25), compared to Frame30 (65, 34, 61 y 34). Both frames estimated a conglomerated spatial arrangement of eggs using three methods.
Limitations on study/implications: This is a proposal to change the sampling frame used in Veracruz, Mexico for a smaller, more efficient one.
Findings/conclusions: Frame15 reduced by 75% the soil removed, provided more precise population estimates, and simplified field and laboratory management, compared with Frame30.
Keywords: spotted spittlebug, eggs, sampling metal frame, systematic sampling.Objective: To compare the efficiency of a 30x30x5 cm iron sampling frame (Frame30) with a smaller 15x15x5 cm one (Frame15), as sampling method for spittlebug eggs [(Aenolamia albofasciata (Lallemand)] that reduces the amount of soil removed, optimizes time used, and reduces the sampling effort.
Design/methodology/approach: Mean, variance, coefficient of variation, sampling effort, spatial arrangement, and sample size were determined with both sampling frames. Forty systematic soil samples were obtained using each frame in two plots planted with the variety MEX 69-290, and two others with MEX 91-662. Each soil sample was mixed and homogenized to obtain a subsample of 250 g, from which eggs were extracted by decantation in saline solution.
Results: Both frames estimated different numbers of eggs in the four plots ( ) (Frame15: 2.71±1.71; 3.49±1.81; 2.74±2.08; 4.44±2.22; Frame30: 4.42±3.58; 6.65±3.92; 4.40±3.45; 7.84±4.54). Significant differences were found between sampling frames (P<0.0001) and between plots (P<0.0001), but not in the plot-sampling frame interaction (P=0.1509). The optimal sample size (accuracy 0.1) was smaller with Frame15 (40, 27, 57 and 25), compared to Frame30 (65, 34, 61 and 34). Both frames estimated a conglomerated spatial arrangement of eggs using three methods.
Limitations on study/implications: This study suggests changing the sampling frame used in Veracruz, Mexico, for a smaller, more efficient one.
Findings/conclusions: Frame15 reduced by 75% the soil removed, provided more accurate population estimates, and simplified field and laboratory management, compared with Frame30
Socioeconomic impacts on Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) farming in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To analyze the socioeconomic impacts of Valencia orange cultivation in the municipality of Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico.
Methodology: A research study was conducted using semi-structured surveys applied to a sample of 40 Valencia orange producers during the 2023 agricultural cycle. Sampling was carried out based on convenience, considering specific demographic, agronomic, socioeconomic, and environmental variables of the region. The methodology encompassed the analysis of production costs, profits, and profitability. To assess the relationships between variables, multiple regression analysis was employed using the statistical program SPSS version 29.0. The variables considered included crop profitability (dependent variable) and independent variables such as planting density, crop age, yield, and production cost.
Results: Regression coefficients demonstrate a direct relationship with the dependent variable, indicating that the model as a whole is useful for explaining variability in the profitability of Valencia orange cultivation.
Conclusions: The current production model highlights key challenges and opportunities for producers. Socioeconomic, agronomic, commercial, and environmental variables are considered to drive sustainability and competitiveness of the cultivation in the regionO
Objective: To analyze the socioeconomic impacts on Valencia orange farming in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico.
Methodology: A study was carried out using semi-structured surveys applied to a sample of 40 Valencia orange producers during the 2023 agricultural cycle. Convenience sampling was carried out, considering demographic, agronomic, socioeconomic and environmental variables. The methodology included the analysis of production costs, profits and profitability. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships between the variables, using the statistical SPSS software version 29.0. The variables considered were profitability of the crop (dependent variable), and the independent variables: sowing density, age of the crop, yield, and production cost.
Results: The coefficients of regression show a direct relationship with the dependent variable, which is why the model as a whole is useful to explain the variability in the profitability of the Valencia orange crop.
Conclusions: The current production model highlights key challenges and opportunities for the producers. It is considered that the socioeconomic, agronomic, commercial and environmental variables drive the sustainability and competitiveness of the crop in the region
Response of chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) to the fungi complex that causes wilt
Get PDFObjective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the response of 10 chickpea genotypes from INIFAP to the damage caused by the fungal complex.
Design/methodology/approach: Seedlings (15-day-old) of 10 genotypes (Blanco Sinaloa '92, Blanoro, Combo 743, CUGA2054, HOGA067, CUGA3168, CUGA08-1210, CUGA09-3160, R-12-1509 and R-12-1507) were inoculated by immersion of roots in a suspension of mycelial fragments of two isolates (high and low virulence) of each of the fungi Fusarium languescens, M. phaseolina, S. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum. Disease severity evaluation was performed 30 days after inoculation. The entire experiment was performed twice.
Results: The genotypes showed greater susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum and S. rolfsiicompared to F. languescens and M. phaseolina. The highly virulent isolates caused a significant difference in the severity of the disease in the genotypes evaluated.
Findings/conclusions: All chickpea genotypes showed susceptibility to the fungal complex that causes wilt.Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the response of 10 chickpea genotypes from INIFAP to the damage caused by the fungal complex.
Design/methodology/approach: Seedlings (15-day-old) of 10 genotypes (Blanco Sinaloa '92, Blanoro, Combo 743, CUGA2054, HOGA067, CUGA3168, CUGA08-1210, CUGA09-3160, R-12-1509 and R-12-1507) were inoculated by root immersion in a suspension of mycelial fragments of two isolates (high and low virulence) of each fungi: Fusarium languescens, M. phaseolina, S. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum. Disease severity evaluation was performed 30 days after inoculation. The entire experiment was performed twice.
Results: The genotypes showed greater susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum and S. rolfsii compared to F. languescens and M. phaseolina. The highly virulent isolates caused a significant difference in the severity of the disease in the genotypes evaluated.
Findings/conclusions: All chickpea genotypes showed susceptibility to the fungal complex that causes wilt
Isolation and Characterization of fungal pathogens associated with Carica papaya L. and their biocontrol with Trichoderma sp.: Aislamiento y caracterización de patógenos fungicos asociados a Carica papaya L., y su biocontrol con Trichoderma sp.
No full textObjective: In this work, we undertook the task of isolating and identifying Fusarium obtained from papaya fruits grown in the Veracruz region and carried out antibiotic tests to find a beneficial fungus that could exert biological control.
Methodology: Juvenile fruits with necrosis and rot were collected from papaya plants of the Maradol variety, from here the pathogenic fungi were obtained, which were morphologically and molecularly characterized using the ITS gene. Subsequently, the isolated pathogenic fungi were confronted with the Trichoderma sp fungus.
Results: Ten isolates were obtained, of which four were Fusarium solani. From the confrontations, a 66% to 100% percentage of inhibition in these pathogenic fungi was obtained.
Limitations of the study: It is proposed that future evaluations carry out long-term follow-ups to evaluate the persistence and effectiveness of biological control.
Findings/conclusions: Timely identification of pathogens could represent a biological control strategy in disease management programs.O
Objective: In this work, we undertook the task of isolating and identifying Fusarium obtained from papaya fruits grown in the Veracruz region and carried out antibiotic tests to find a beneficial fungus that could exert biological control.
Methodology: Juvenile fruits with necrosis and rot were collected from papaya plants of the Maradol variety, from here the pathogenic fungi were obtained, which were morphologically and molecularly characterized using the ITS gene. Subsequently, the isolated pathogenic fungi were confronted with the Trichoderma sp fungus.
Results: Ten isolates were obtained, of which four were Fusarium solani. From the confrontations, a 66% to 100% percentage of inhibition in these pathogenic fungi was obtained.
Limitations of the study: It is proposed that future evaluations carry out long-term follow-ups to evaluate the persistence and effectiveness of biological control.
Findings/conclusions: Timely identification of pathogens could represent a biological control strategy in disease management programs
Mycorrhizal status of Guarianthe skinneri (Orchidaceae) in urban trees in Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
Get PDFObjective: To isolate and classify morphologically and molecularly mycorrhizal fungi associated with adult plants of Guarianthe skinneri (Bateman) Dressler & W.E. Higgins (Orchidaceae), distributed in different phorophytes, exotic and native trees, in the City of Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
Design/Methodology/Approach: We sampled roots from adult plants growing in two native phorophytes, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) KUNTH and Tabebuia rosea (BERTOL.) BERTERO EX A. DC. and two exotic phorophytes, Terminalia catappa L. and Ficus benjamina L. located in the city's road. By the isolation of mycorrhizal strains, we had diagnosed them by morpho-physiological attributes, and molecularly (Sanger sequencing of the ITS1-4 region).
Results: Forty-three fungal strains of two anamorphic mycorrhizal genus Epulorhiza and Ceratorhiza were obtained: 50% of the isolates came from plants growing in the exotic tree T. catappa with undigested pelotons and the highest molecular diversity (three contigs of the genus Tulasnella). Ficus benjamina had one molecular species shared with the native B. crassifolia. Roots growing in the native T. rosea tree, even though few isolates could be purified.
Study Limitations/Implications: Even if the research was exploratory, it was possible to highlight the diverse mycorrhizal partners that urban phorophytes of G. skinneri harbor, showing their potential in the ex situ conservation of this species.
Findings/Conclusions: The large number of the anamorph Epulorhiza isolates obtained from all phorophytes, reinforces previous observations suggesting that candelaria is preferentially associated with species of the Family Tulasnellaceae
HORSES AN IMPORTANT SPECIE IN CHARRERIA, ITS MANAGEMENT AND WELFARE : Well-being in charro sport horses
No full textThe management practices provided to charrería horses in the state of Guerrero, Mexico were described and were related to animal welfare. Sixty-four owners of charrería horses were interviewed and 10% underwent an evaluation according to the protocol of the Welfare Quality ®. The most used breeds are Creole, Quarter Horse, Aztec, Spanish and Arabian. The starting age in charrería is 2 to 4 years, with workdays between two to four hours a day (81.2% of horses). Hoof shoeing is done every 8 to 12 weeks in 54.3%. The diet is based on forage and commercial feed (82.8%). Deworming is every six months (60.9%), 17.1% are vaccinated against tetanus, rabies, and influenza and very few owners (48.4%) request veterinary care. The most frequent diseases are digestive and locomotor, skin and respiratory. The stereotypes presented were rocking, nodding the head, kicking doors, chewing wood, and walking in circles. Body condition is good (3/5) (33.3%), fat (4/5) (33.3%), moderate (2/5) (16.6%) and Poor (1/5) in 16.6% of the animals. The majority had white hairs on their withers and back, because of injuries caused by their harnesses. The findings observed in the horses indicate that the welfare conditions were affected, which led to the development of vices, poor body condition, sick animals, and skin lesions in the animalsObjective: Describe the management practices provided to charrería horses in the state of Guerrero, Mexico and relate them to animal welfare.
Design/methodology/approach: Sixty-four owners of charrería horses were interviewed and 10% underwent an evaluation according to the protocol of the Welfare Quality ®
Results: The most used breeds are Creole, Quarter Horse, Aztec, Spanish and Arabian. The starting age in charrería is two to four years. Hoof shoeing is done every 8 to 12 weeks in 54.3%. The diet is based on forage and commercial feed (82.8%). Deworming is every six months (60.9%), vaccinated against tetanus, rabies, and influenza. The most frequent diseases are digestive and locomotor, skin and respiratory. The stereotypes were rocking, nodding, kicking doors, chewing wood, and walking in circles. Abundant body condition ranged from good to obese in the animals. The majority had white hairs as an indication of injuries caused by the harnesses.
Limitations on study/implications: The lack of knowledge of the owners of horses dedicated to charro sport, to relate the five freedoms of well-being that must be given to every animal to improve their sporting performance, has caused problems in the animal’s life quality.
Findings/conclusions: The findings observed in the horses indicate that the welfare conditions were affected, which led to the development of vices, poor body condition, sick animals, and skin lesions in the animals
Morphological identification and characterization of the formation of floral primordium in Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)
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Objective: To study the formation of floral primordia and individual flower development in the inflorescence of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks Ex. Andrews).
Design/methodology/approach: The study site was located at Rancho Xanathtlan, in Barriles, municipality of Gutiérrez Zamora, Veracruz. Inflorescence primordia and young inflorescences (racemes) at different stages of development were sampled from three different stem positions: basal (11-15 internodes), middle (6-10 internodes) and distal (1-5 internodes). Four samplings were made from February to May, and five replicates of each stem position were used per sampling date. Observations and characterization were carried out with a stereo microscope.
Results: Seven developmental stages were described for the racemes of V. planifolia: (I) differentiated meristem of the floral inflorescence, (II) appearance of the third bract, (III) initiation of the formation of the racemes, (IV) elongation of the floral primordia, (V) development and growth of the individual floral primordia in the acropetal direction, (VI) anthesis of the inflorescence in the acropetal direction and (VII) complete flowering of the raceme. Five developmental stages of formation of individual flower primordia within the inflorescence were also identified, which occurred from the appearance of the third bract in the acropetal direction.
Limitations on study/implications: Although this study denotes the first observations on the floral phenology of V. planifolia, there are still many questions about the biochemical processes and the interaction of environmental aspects in this floral development.
Findings/conclusions: First aspects of floral formation within the inflorescence as well as floral phenology in Vanilla planifolia were shown.
Keywords: Floral growth, floral phenology, inflorescences, orchids.Objective: To morphologically identify and characterize the formation of floral primordium and the individual flower development in Vanilla planifolia Jacks Ex. Andrews.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Inflorescence primordia and young inflorescences in different development stages were sampled from the stem internodes of the following positions: basal (11-15), middle (6-10), and distal (1-5). Four samples were taken from each stem position from February to May, with five repetitions per sampling date. Observations and characterization were made with a stereo microscope. The study site was located at Rancho Xanathtlan, in Barriles, municipality of Gutiérrez Zamora, Veracruz.
Results: The development of the V. planifolia raceme is described in seven phases: (I) differentiated meristem of the floral inflorescence; (II) appearance of the third bract; (III) initiation of the racemes formation; (IV) elongation of the floral primordium; (V) development and growth of the individual floral primordium in the acropetal direction, (VI) anthesis of the inflorescence in the acropetal direction; and (VII) complete flowering of the raceme. The development of the buds in the raceme is described in five stages from the appearance of the third bract in the acropetal direction.
Study Limitations/Implications: The biochemical processes and the interaction of environmental aspects on the floral development of V. planifolia pose questions that remain unanswered.
Findings/Conclusions: The first aspects of floral formation within the inflorescence of Vanilla planifolia were determined, along with its floral phenology
Aromatic amination of refined rice bran oil previously epoxidized with Novozym 435
Get PDFObjective: To synthesize aromatically aminated rice bran oil (APA) using a chemo-enzymatic epoxidation based on Novozym 435 followed by p-xylenediamine insertion.
Design/methodology/approach: Refined APA was epoxidized using H2O2/Novozym 435. The resulting epoxidized rice bran oil (eAPA) was functionalized with the aromatic diamine p-xylylenediamine via epoxy ring cleavage (X-eAPA), using ZnCl2 as catalyst. Iodine value (IY), saponification value (IS) and oxirane oxygen content (COO) were determined to evaluate structural changes of the oils. APA, eAPA and X-eAPA were identified using FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR.
Results: IY, IS and COO values suggested that the synthesis of eAPA and X-eAPA were effective. The increase in molecular weight in eAPA indicates formation of ~6 epoxy rings per original triglyceride. The COO value of X-eAPA was reduced by 22% compared to that of eAPA, implying that an effective aromatic amination was achieved. FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy studies confirmed the epoxidation and amination of APA.
Limitations on study/implications: X-eAPA may be a feasible precursor to obtain high added-value products, as polymers or corrosion inhibitors.
Findings/conclusions: Refined rice bran oil partially aromatic aminated was synthesized in two steps, under mild conditions. Epoxidized rice bran oil was obtained using H2O2/Novozym 435, to be immediately functionalized with the aromatic diamine p-xylylenediamine.
Keywords: Epoxidation, amination, agro-industrial by-products.Objective: To aromatically aminate refined rice bran oil (RBO), a by-product of the rice agro-industry,through a chemical-enzymatic epoxidation based on Novozym 435 and p-xylylenediamine insertion.Design/Methodology/Approach: Refined RBO was epoxidized with H2O2/Novozym 435. The resultingepoxidized rice bran oil (eRBO) was functionalized with the p-xylylenediamine aromatic diamine via epoxyring-opening (X-eRBO), using ZnCl2 as catalyst. Iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), and oxiraneoxygen content (OOC) were determined to evaluate structural changes in oils. The RBO, the eRBO, and theX-eRBO were identified using FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR.Results: The IV, the SV, and the OOC suggest that the synthesis of eRBO and X-eRBO were effective. Theincrease of molecular weight in eRBO point to the formation of 6 epoxy rings per original triglyceride. TheOOC value of X-eRBO was 22% lower than the OOC value of eRBO, implying that an effective aromaticamination was achieved. The FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy analysis confirmed the epoxidation andamination of the RBO.Study Limitations/Implications: X-eRBO may be a feasible precursor for value-added products, such ascrosslinked polymers or corrosion inhibitors.Findings/Conclusions: Refined rice bran oil was aromatically aminated after two stages under mild thermal conditions. This result was achieved with an epoxidation sequence with H2O2/Novozym 435, followed byfunctionalization with p-xylylenediamine
Comparison of the Export Competitiveness of Limes from Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, and Brazil to the European Union
Get PDFObjective: To determine the competitiveness in the world and in the European Union of the main Latin lime-producing countries through the calculation of the normalized revealed comparative advantage to generate a discussion around the use of the free trade agreement that the countries have with the European Union.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Official sources were used to obtain the information in the period from 2001 to 2021, the normalized revealed comparative advantage was calculated and the behavior in the global market and in the European Union was forecasted. The Prais-Wisten method was used for the correction of autocorrelation.
Results: Competitiveness was estimated through the Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, both globally and in the European Union, for the main Latin American limes producers.
Study limitations/implications: The limitation of the study was that it was only compared with Latin American countries, the study could expand its comparison with other regions of the world.
Findings/Conclusions: The main Latin American lime producers were compared using the NRCA. Mexico has maintained a competitive advantage since 2003, while Argentina lost it in 2004. Brazil became competitive in 2021, while Colombia is not. Argentina has the biggest advantage, although declining, and Brazil has surpassed Mexico since 2019. Projections show that Mexico and Brazil will continue to improve their competitiveness, while Argentina will reduce it. The concentration of production in Mexico is an opportunity for other regions with similar conditions to increase production and export to the European market. The proposed hypothesis is accepte
Changes in physicochemical and antioxidant properties over one year of Apis mellifera honey : Antioxidant properties of honey bee
No full textObjective: Quantify the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of honey harvested in the four seasons of the year, to determine the variation in its quality with respect to official standards.
Design/methodology/approach: Honey samples were collected in the municipality of Tantoyuca, during the four seasons of the year, in the presence or absence of rain. For each sample, color, electrical conductivity, moisture, pH, free acidity, diastase activity, total reducing sugars, Brix degrees, caloric content, phenolic and total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity were determined by the FRAP and ABTS assays.
Results: The Brix degrees and moisture were found within the limits accepted by NOM-004-SAG/GAN-2018 and CXS 12-1981 throughout the year, however, in the rainy period these variables were higher (82.1 °Brix and 19.6 g 100 g-1). The FRAP and ABTS values showed variation depending on the absence or presence of rain. The highest antioxidant content occurred in the winter season (63.91 and 68.82 µmol ET 100 g-1).
The results obtained are attributed to the geographical origin and the floral species present during the bees' foraging.
Limitations on study/implications: Climate change in the region has decreased rainfall, reducing the floristic resource.
Findings/conclusions: The effect of the season of the year affects the characteristics of the honey evaluated, however, it complies with the parameters established in the Mexican standard and the codex alimentarius, which can encourage and support its commercialization in the international market.Objective: Quantify the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of honey harvested in the four seasons of the year, to determine the variation in its quality with respect to official standards.
Design/methodology/approach: Honey samples were collected in the municipality of Tantoyuca, during the four seasons of the year, in the presence or absence of rain. For each sample, color, electrical conductivity, moisture, pH, free acidity, diastase activity, total reducing sugars, Brix degrees, caloric content, phenolic and total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity were determined by the FRAP and ABTS assays.
Results: The Brix degrees and moisture were found within the limits accepted by NOM-004-SAG/GAN-2018 and CXS 12-1981 throughout the year, however, in the rainy period these variables were higher (82.1 °Brix and 19.6 g 100 g-1). The FRAP and ABTS values showed variation depending on the absence or presence of rain. The highest antioxidant content occurred in the winter season (63.91 and 68.82 µmol TE 100 g-1).
The results obtained are attributed to the geographical origin and the floral species present during the bees' foraging.
Limitations on study/implications: Climate change in the region has decreased rainfall, reducing the floristic resource.
Findings/conclusions: The effect of the season of the year affects the characteristics of the honey evaluated, however, it complies with the parameters established in the Mexican standard and the codex alimentarius, which can encourage and support its commercialization in the international market