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Finansijska pismenost - kako i zašto živi apoteka
Get PDFFinansijska pismenost je kombinacija znanja, veština, stavova i ponašanja koja su neophodna za
donošenje ispravnih finansijskih odluka i za finansijsko blagostanje svakog pojedinca, a time i društva. Jednostavno rečeno, to je osnovno finansijsko znanje koje nam je potrebno da bismo funkcionisali
u današnjem okruženju (1).
Farmaceuti u apoteci donose veoma važne odluke koje se tiču finansija (2).
Finansijski pismena osoba
može efikasnije da donosi odluke o ličnim, porodičnim i poslovnim finansijama, kao i finansijskim
proizvodima i uslugama koje vode ka stabilnijem i prosperitetnijem životu.
Za farmaceute u apoteci, finansijska pismenost se odnosi na:
• poznavanje finansijskih usluga na tržištu (npr. investiranje),
• savladavanje računovodstvenih i poreskih zakona i drugih propisa,
• adekvatno razumevanje ključnih finansijskih izveštaja,
• poznavanje ključnih računovodstvenih koncepata,
• razumevanje razlike između toka novca i profita,
• poznavanje praćenja prihoda i rashoda tokom cele godine,
• metode za uštedu vremena na administrativnim zadacima koji se mogu automatizovati,
• razumevanje drugih podataka i informacija koje treba prikupiti (npr. konverzija duga i sl.).
Postoji više testova kojim se može utvrditi nivo finansijske pismenosti, kao i naučnih radova koji se
odnose na ispitivanje nivoa finansijske pismenosti studenata farmacije i farmaceuta (3,4).
Testovi za samoprocenu finansijske pismenosti su generisani tako da su uključena sledeća pitanja:
• Da li razumem razlike između prihoda, rashoda i primanja?
• Da li razumem finansijske pokazatelje poslovanja?
• Da li sam upoznat sa finansijskim mehanizmima investiranja?
• Da li donosim odluke na osnovu potpunog razumevanja finansijskih izveštaja?
• Da li poznajem tržište finansijskih usluga?
• Da li razumem tok gotovine i kako se on prati?
Na osnovu naučnih istraživanja, kao i sa evoluirajućim zahtevima prakse, farmaceutski fakulteti treba
da prilagode svoje nastavne planove i programe finansijskog upravljanja sa relevantnim veštinama
kako bi pripremili studente da postanu efektivni preduzetnici, inovatori i lideri u praksi (5).
Na Farmaceutskom fakultetu, Univerziteta u Beogradu, osnovi finansijskog menadžmenta su imlementirani u kurikulum na SAS Farmaceutski menadžment i marketing, međutim istraživanja na
temu finansijske pismenosti svršenih studenata nisu rađena.predavanj
Evaluation of PEGylation efficacy of curcumin-loaded nanoemulsions using complementary methods to assess protein interactions and physicochemical properties
No full textNanoemulsions (NEs) are frequently used in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries to deliver nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical or cosmetic active ingredients. When administering NEs parenterally, various stabilisers are added to prevent rapid plasma clearance and to successfully deliver the active ingredient to the target site. For this purpose, PEGylation is often used to prolong the circulation time of the droplets. However, the problem is to determine the optimal concentration of the PEGylating agent – the PEGylation efficacy – that ensures adequate surface protection. This is a particular challenge when the active ingredient is incorporated into the stabilising layer, where any changes could disrupt the stability of the droplet. For this reason, we aimed to determine the optimal concentration of PEG2000-DSPE for surface protection of curcumin-loaded NEs for parenteral administration using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. NEs were prepared using the high pressure homogenisation technique with 0.1 %, 0.3 % or 0.6 % of the PEGylated phospholipid. A droplet size of approximately 100 nm and polydispersity index below 0.25 indicated suitability for parenteral application. EPR analysis showed that PEG2000-DSPE had a stabilising effect on selected NEs, which was most pronounced in the part of the stabilising layer closest to the aqueous phase. To confirm these results, protein interaction studies were carried out using dynamic light scattering, UV–Vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and release studies from protein-enriched media – bovine serum albumin (BSA) or foetal bovine serum (FBS) in phosphate-buffered saline. These analyses confirmed that the addition of PEG2000-DSPE reduced protein binding to the droplets as a function of concentration, with 0.3 % providing the best protection for the droplets. Our conclusions from the EPR spectroscopy study demonstrate the usefulness of EPR in determining the optimal concentrations of PEGylating agents for surface coverage and its usefulness in the formulation development phase
Childhood obesity accelerates biological ageing: is oxidative stress a link?
No full textObesity is multifactorial pathophysiological condition with an imbalance in biochemical, immunochemical, redox status and genetic parameters values. We aimed estimate connection between relative leukocyte telomere lengths (rLRL) - biomarker of cellular aging with metabolic and redox status biomarkers values in a group of obese and lean children. The study includes 110 obese and 42 lean children and adolescents, both genders. The results suggested that rLTL are significantly shorter in obese, compared to lean group (p30kg/m2 according to logistic regression analysis was PCA derived antioxidant factor's score (OR: 1.66, 95th Cl: 1.05-2.6, p=0.029). PCA analysis confirmed oxidative stress importance in biological ageing caused by obesity and its multiple consequences related to prooxidants augmentation and antioxidants exhaustion and gave us clear signs of disturbed cellular homeostasis deepness, even before any overt disease occurrence.This is peer-reviewed version of the following article: Subošić, B., Zdravković, V., Ješić, M., Munjas, J., Kovačević, S., Guzonjić, A., Mitrović, J., Saso, L., Đuričić, I.,& Kotur-Stevuljević, J.. (2024). Childhood obesity accelerates biological ageing: is oxidative stress a link?. in British Journal of Nutrition
Cambridge University Press..
[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114524000898
Uloga hormona tiroidne žlezde u proceni preživljavanja bolesnika u odeljenjima intenzivne nege
Get PDFBackground/Aim. Patients in intensive care units (ICUs) often exhibit disturbances in the concentration of thyroid hormones (THs), even if they had no previous thyroid disorders. The aim of the study was to determine whether there is a correlation between THs and the survival rate in the ICU and whether these hormones have predictive capability for mortality rate assessment. Methods. The study included 41 patients (23 women and 18 men) divided into two groups: survivors (70.7%) and non-survivors (29.3%). In peripheral blood samples taken within the first 24 hrs after ICU admission, TH levels were measured: triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), as well as procalcitonin (PCT). The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score (SOFAS) was calculated for each patient. Results. A statistically significant difference between the study groups (survivor vs. non-survivor patients, p < 0.05) was found for PCT, SOFAS, T3, T4, and FT4. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) – (AUROC) for the SOFAS was 0.991 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.898–1.000, p < 0.001], for T3 was 0.727 (95% CI: 0.566–0.854, p = 0.0097), for T4 was 0.793 (95% CI: 0.638–0.903, p = 0.0008), for FT3 was 0.707 (95% CI: 0.544–0.8389, p = 0.0299), and for FT4 was 0.795 (95% CI: 0.640–0.904, p = 0.0005). Compared to other parameters, T3 had higher sensitivity (91.67%), FT4 had higher specificity (93.10%), while SOFAS had both the highest sensitivity (91.67%) and specificity (96.55%) in relation to all other tested parameters. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that FT4 and T4 were significant predictors of survival time (β = -0.362, p = 0.012 and β = -0.356, p = 0.014, respectively). Conclusion. Among all examined THs, only FT4 and T4 showed strong predictive potential for assessing mortality in ICU patients. This study has highlighted the significance of assessing THs levels in critically ill patients. This is crucial because it opens the possibility of implementing specific therapies to rectify issues stemming from hormonal deficiencies.Uvod/Cilj. Bolesnici u odeljenjima intenzivne nege (OIN) često imaju poremećaj u koncentraciji tiroidnih hormona (TH), čak i u slučajevima kada nisu prethodno imali poremećaj funkcije tiroidne žlezde. Cilj rada bio je da se utvrdi da li postoji korelacija između TH i stepena preživljavanja u OIN, kao i da li ovi hormoni imaju prediktivni značaj u proceni smrtnosti bolesnika. Metode. U studiji je učestvovalo 41 bolesnika (23 žene i 18 muškaraca) koji su bili podeljeni u dve grupe: grupu preživelih (70.7%) i grupu preminulih (29.3%). U uzorcima periferne krvi koji su uzimani u toku prv a 24 sata od prijema u OIN određivani su nivoi TH: trijodtironin (T3), tiroksin (T4), slobodan T3 (free T3 – FT3), slobodan T4 (FT4) i tiroid-stimulirajući hormon (TSH), kao i prokalcitonin (PCT). Za svakog bolesnika izračunat je Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score (SOFAS). Rezultati. Statistički značajna razlika između ispitivanih grupa (preživeli vs. preminuli, p < 0,05) utvrđena je za parametre SOFAS, T3, T4 i FT4. Površina ispod receiver operating characteristic (ROC) krive [area under the ROC curve (AUC) – (AUROC)] iznosila je za SOFAS 0,991 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0,898–1,000, p < 0,001], za T3 0,727 (95% CI:0,566–0,854, p = 0,0097), za T4 0,793 (95% CI: 0,638– 0,903, p = 0,0008), za FT3 0,707 (95% CI: 0,544–0,8389, p = 0,0299) i za FT4 0,795 (95% CI: 0,640–0,904, p = 0,0005). U poređenju sa ostalim parametrima, T3 je imao višu osetljivost (91,67%), FT4 višu specifičnost (93,10%), dok je SOFAS imao istovremeno i najvišu osetljivost (91,67%) i specifičnost (96,55%) u odnosu na sve druge ispitivane parametre. Primenom multiple linearne regresione analize utvrđeno je da su FT4 i T4 bili značajni prediktori vremena preživljavanja bolesnika (β = -0,362, p = 0,012 i β = -0,356, p = 0,014, redom). Zaključak. Među svim ispitanim TH, pokazano je da FT4 i T4 imaju snažan prediktivni potencijal za procenu smrtnosti bolesnika u OIN. Ovom studijom je istaknut značaj određivanja nivoa TH kod kritično obolelih, što je ključno jer otvara mogućnost primene specifičnh terapija koje bi korigovale poremećaje nastale zbog deficita hormona
Biljni proizvodi u lečenju gojaznosti
Get PDFTreating overweight and obesity with medications generally offers initial advantages but can result in weight regain after stopping the drugs, as well as in medication-related side effects, and the potential for substance misuse. The allure of herbal products lies in their natural origin, thus leading individuals towards these products in search of a healthier and more sustainable approach to weight loss. Understanding how herbal products interact with biological systems is crucial for assessing their therapeutic potential. Anti-obesity herbal products and their compounds can act through different mechanisms, such as: appetite suppression, digestion and absorption blocking, stimulation of thermogenesis, inhibition of adipogenesis, and modulation of these processes through gene expression. The physiological effects and therapeutic properties exhibited by herbal products are ascribed to the presence and activity of their active components, such as polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, stanols, sterols and alkaloids. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of various phytochemicals have been explored to enhance their anti-obesity properties.Lečenje prekomerne težine i gojaznosti lekovima obično je od kratkoročne koristi i često je povezano sa povećanjem telesne težine nakon prestanka terapije, neželjenim efektima lekova i rizikom od njihove zloupotrebe. Popularnost biljnih proizvoda potiče od njihovog prirodnog porekla, što navodi pojedince da ih upotrebljavaju u cilju zdravijeg i održivijeg pristupa mršavljenju i regulaciji telesne težine. Razumevanje načina na koji biljni proizvodi stupaju u interakciju sa biološkim sistemima je ključno za procenu njihovog terapeutskog potencijala. Biljne droge protiv gojaznosti i njihova jedinjenja mogu delovati kroz različitim mehanizmima, kao što su: suzbijanje apetita, blokiranje varenja i apsorpcije, stimulacija termogeneze, inhibicija adipogeneze i modulacija ovih procesa kroz ekspresiju gena. Fiziološki efekti i terapijska svojstva biljnih droga pripisuju se njihovim aktivnim sastojcima, kao što su polifenoli, tanini, flavonoidi, antocijanini, stanoli, steroli i alkaloidi. Takođe, analizirani su sinergistička delovanja različitih biljnih sastojka kako bi se poboljšali njihovi efekti protiv gojaznosti
Detection of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid: Risk assessment for the aquatic organisms
Get PDFThis paper delves into a thorough risk assessment of glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), within the aquatic ecosystems of the Danube-Tisa-Danube (DTD) network, which represents large land drained system between Serbia, Hungary, and Romania. The primary objective is to employ a Toxicity and Exposure Ratio (TER) framework, encompassing both acute and chronic considerations, to comprehensively evaluate the potential risks these agrochemicals pose to aquatic organisms in the intricate hydro system of the DTD. The study integrates field data, laboratory experiments, and mathematical modeling to quantify glyphosate and AMPA exposure levels in the DTD channels. Furthermore, it explores the toxicological impacts of these substances on a diverse range of aquatic organisms, such as fish, invertebrates, and amphibians, considering acute effects arising from short-term exposure and chronic effects resulting from prolonged interactions. This research aims to provide a holistic understanding of the risk landscape associated with glyphosate and AMPA in the DTD hydro system by employing the TER approach. The findings contribute valuable insights into the potential ecological implications of herbicide usage in this critical water network, aiding regulatory decision-making and facilitating the development of targeted mitigation strategies to safeguard aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem health
Phthalate content in toy samples available on the market of the Republic of Serbia
No full textPhthalates are a family of synthetic chemicals commonly used as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride-based polymers. They are used in a variety of commercial consumer products, including children's toys. Exposure to phthalates is associated with various adverse health effects, such as developmental and reproductive disorders, liver and kidney toxicity, etc. In the European Union, but also in the Republic of Serbia, restrictions have been imposed on the presence of seven phthalates in toys. In addition, the European Union has established the Rapid Alert System for Dangerous Non-Food Products (RAPEX) to protect consumers across borders by preventing or restricting the sale and use of non-food articles, including children's toys, that pose a significant health and safety risk. In this work, 118 samples of children's toys from the market of the Republic of Serbia were analysed for the presence of all seven restricted phthalates using the HPLC-DAD method. We also comprehensively analysed the RAPEX notifications of toys posing a chemical risk due to the presence of phthalates from 2012 to 2022. In total, 23.7% of the tested toy samples contained one or more phthalates above 0.1% w/w, which corresponds to the legal limit. DEHP was found above the limit in all non-compliant toy samples, followed by DBP, DINP, BBP and DIDP. DIBP and DNOP were not found in any of the samples. In general, phthalates were present in the tested samples in concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 36.6% (w/w), depending on the type of phthalate detected, with DINP detected in the highest concentration. In the period 2012–2022, 1192 alerts related to non-compliant toys were registered due to the illegal presence of phthalates. Among them, DEHP was present in 94.79% of toy samples, while it was the only phthalate in 58.4% of toy samples. Furthermore, DEHP was present in the highest concentration of about 18.5% (w/w), with a maximum detected concentration of up to 55% (w/w). The results presented in this article show that even more than a decade after the introduction of the ban and restrictions on phthalates in toys, toys are still a significant source of children's exposure to phthalates
Differences in HDL Remodeling during Healthy Pregnancy and Pregnancy with Cardiometabolic Complications
Get PDFThis study investigated the longitudinal trajectory of changes in antioxidative and anti-inflammatory high-density lipoprotein (HDL) components during healthy pregnancy and pregnancy with cardiometabolic complications. We recruited and longitudinally followed 84 women with healthy pregnancies and 46 pregnant women who developed cardiometabolic pregnancy complications (gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy). Their general lipid profiles, oxidative stress status, inflammatory status, and antioxidative and anti-inflammatory HDL components were analyzed. The results of our study confirmed the expected trajectory for the routine lipid parameters. Our study results indicate more intensive oxidative stress and a higher level of inflammation in the group with complications compared with the control group. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was significantly lower in the first trimester in the group with complications compared with the control group (p < 0.05). We did not find significant differences in the apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) concentrations in the first trimester between the control group and the group with complications, but in the second and third trimesters, the group with complications had significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, respectively). The S1P, paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations were significantly lower in the group with complications in the first trimester. During the second trimester, only the SAA concentrations were identified as significantly lower in the group with complications compared with the control group, while in the third trimester, the PON1, apolipoprotein M (Apo M), and SAA concentrations were all significantly lower in the group with complications. Through a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, the S1P concentration in the first trimester was distinguished as an HDL-associated marker independently associated with cardiometabolic pregnancy complications. In conclusion, our study results showed that HDL remodeling differs between healthy pregnancies and pregnancies with maternal cardiometabolic complications, with changed HDL composition and functionality consequently impacting its biological functionality in the latter case
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Related to Atrial Fibrillation and Metabolic Syndrome in the Pakistani Population
Get PDFBackground and Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between cardiometabolic risk factors and atrial fibrillation (AF) and the simultaneous presence of AF and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Pakistani population. Materials and Methods: A total of 690 subjects were enrolled (n = 230 patients with AF, n = 230 patients with AF and MetS, and n = 230 controls). The associations between cardiometabolic parameters and AF with and without MetS were analyzed by univariable and multivariable binary regression analyses. Results: Body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and triglycerides (TG) were independently positively correlated, but the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and sodium were independently negatively correlated with AF. An increase in BMI, FBG, and TG levels by one unit measure increased the probability by 55.1%, 20.6%, and 1.3%, respectively, for the AF occurrence. A decrease in GFR and sodium levels increased the probability by 4.3% and 33.6%, respectively, for the AF occurrence. On the other hand, uric acid was independently negatively correlated, whereas sodium was independently positively correlated, with MetS and AF. A decrease in uric acid levels and an increase in sodium levels by 1 unit measure increased the probability for MetS and AF by 23.2% and 7.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Cost-effective and routinely measured parameters, i.e., BMI, FBG TG, GFR, and sodium levels, can be reliable indicators of AF, whereas serum uric acid and sodium levels are independently associated with AF and MetS in the Pakistani population. Timely recognition and the control of modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors are of great significance in the prevention of AF development