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CCDC 2515370: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination
No full textAn entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures
Water Breathing Is a Blind Spot in Animal Welfare Science
No full textConsidering how water breathers differ from air breathers in policy and practice could improve welfare for these animals, both captive and wild
Ultrasonographic Thrombosis Rates Associated with Midline Catheters in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study
No full textBackground: Preserving arm veins is important for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), as mature AVF is the preferred hemodialysis access. Midline catheters introduced into AVF candidate veins may cause thrombosis, hindering AVF formation. This study aims to determine ultrasonographic rates of midline-associated upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UE-DVT) or superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) in patients with advanced CKD. Methods: We conducted a prospective study involving subjects with advanced CKD, who had a point-of-care ultrasound-guided midline placed in an arm vein. Within 35 days of midline insertion, participants underwent routine bilateral UE venous duplex ultrasound. The primary outcome was a composite occurrence of UE-DVT/SVT ipsilateral to the midline. Comparative analyses were performed based on patient demographics and device-specific variables. Results: 49 subjects with advanced CKD received midlines. The median midline catheter dwell time was <6 days for 15/49 patients (30.6%). The primary outcome occurred in 15/49 patients (30.6%), mostly asymptomatic thrombosis. No significant associations were found between outcomes and patient or device characteristics. Conclusions: Our study identified frequent use of midlines with short dwell times in subjects with advanced CKD which calls into question proper device selection. In this cohort, midline-associated arm clots were frequent
Global Research Trends of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Meal in Aquaculture From a Scientometric Perspective (2007–2025)
No full textBlack soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal (BSFLM) has gained increasing attention over the past two decades as a sustainable and functional ingredient in aquafeeds. This study presents the first scientometric analysis of BSFLM research in aquaculture from 2007 to 2025, using data from Scopus and Web of Science (WOS). Following PRISMA‐guided screening, 355 peer‐reviewed articles were retained and analyzed with the Bibliometrix R package. Results indicate a consistent annual growth rate of 11.42% in publications, with Italy, the United States, Norway, and China emerging as key contributors. Research themes have evolved from initial feasibility studies to more recent emphases on health parameters, immunological effects, and gut microbiota modulation. Species such as Oncorhynchus mykiss, Sparus aurata, Oreochromis niloticus, Salmo salar, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Litopenaeus vannamei are frequently studied, reflecting their commercial and academic relevance. However, a pronounced underrepresentation of carps and catfish, despite being the most farmed finfish globally, highlights a persistent misalignment between research priorities and global aquaculture production, likely due to the large variety of regional species being produced and investigated. Further regional disparities exist, with Europe accounting for 50% of the literature but only 3.2% of global output, while Asia accounts for 30% of the literature but 89% of global production output. These findings offer a road map to realign global research priorities with aquaculture production realities
An Updated Treatment of the Oceanic Cool Skin in the COARE Bulk Flux Algorithm
No full textThis paper presents physics improvements to the cool skin parameterization in the Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk flux algorithm. The principal improvement is adopting a specification of the ocean side mixing profile that combines molecular and turbulent diffusivities via a form that allows turbulent dissipation to suppress turbulence near the interface. The turbulence is also scaled with the viscous friction velocity, since the stress input to waves is not realized continuously as turbulence at the interface but only intermittently at localized regions where the waves are breaking. Additional improvements include adopting a newer specification of the solar absorption profile in the ocean and incorporating the impacts of the rain sensible heat flux. The new parameterization is tuned to published observations of cool skin from a series of cruises and a recent publication of the turbo‐molecular mixing term deduced for observations of gas fluxes. Data from three recent ship‐based field programs, particularly the Propagation of Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Maritime Continent Region (PISTON) experiment, with radiometric sea surface and floating near‐surface temperature sensors as well as high‐quality air‐sea flux measurements were analyzed to evaluate the model. The improvements led to modest decreases in the nonsolar cool skin (∼16%) and in the solar heating contribution, both principally in light winds. The new model better reproduced mean nighttime cool skin amplitudes and was somewhat better than the previous COARE v3.6 model at reproducing the mean diurnal cycle. Overall, cool skin predictions for a large cruise database were reduced by ∼0.01°C. Plain Language Summary The very surface of the ocean is usually cooler than the water just below because of an overall transfer of heat from the ocean to the air above and the damping of turbulence near the interface. This paper presents an update to a model commonly used to estimate the size of this so‐called “cool skin” for determining the net heat flux. The improvement introduces damped turbulent mixing in addition to the traditional molecular diffusion within the skin layer. The new model also includes new treatments for how solar radiation is absorbed near the ocean surface and the heat exchange associated with falling rain. The model is tuned with and tested against observations of the surface and near‐surface temperature and corresponding heat flux from recent ocean research cruises. The changes result in slightly reduced estimates of the magnitude of the surface cooling and better agreement with the observations than the previous version of the model. Key Points The Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment cool skin model physics are improved via addition of damped turbulent diffusivity to molecular diffusion near the interface Recent cruise observations are used to tune and then validate the new model The improvements result in small decreases in the predicted magnitude of the cool skin and slightly better agreement with observation
SARS-CoV-2 wastewater genomic surveillance: approaches, challenges, and opportunities
No full textWastewater-based genomic surveillance (WWGS) has proven effective for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses within communities. It enables rapid detection of known and emerging mutations and provides insights into circulating lineages. Despite its advantages, WWGS faces challenges in sample processing and computational analysis, particularly in distinguishing similar lineages and identifying novel ones. Recent methods for wastewater sequencing (WWS) analysis remain largely untested amid declining clinical surveillance and ongoing viral evolution. This review examines opportunities and limitations of WWGS, focusing on sample preparation, sequencing technologies, and bioinformatics approaches, and highlights its potential to strengthen public health monitoring systems
Oncolytic Virotherapy for Solid Tumors
No full textOncolytic viruses (OVs) are naturally occurring or genetically engineered viruses that selectively replicate in and destroy tumor cells while sparing normal tissues. This review provides an overview of the biological basis of OV therapy, including mechanisms of tumor oncolysis and immune modulation. We further discuss current clinical applications, emerging combination therapies, and the development of next-generation viral platforms. Finally, we examine the major barriers to OV clinical translation and outline emerging strategies to overcome them. The increasing momentum in oncolytic virotherapy, driven by advances in synthetic biology and immuno-oncology, underscores its potential to become a cornerstone of next-generation cancer treatments
Age-disparate experiences and incidence of gender-based violence victimization of transgender women: findings from a cohort study in eastern and southern United StatesResearch in context
No full textBackground: Gender-based violence (GBV) is a threat to health and human rights and experiences may vary with age. We estimated the incidence and correlates of GBV in transgender women in the United States. Methods: From March 2018–August 2020, we enrolled a cohort (N = 1312) of transgender women without HIV in eastern and southern US. Participants were followed for 24–48 months via site-based and digital modes. We measured lifetime and recent (past 3 or 6 months) psychological, physical, and sexual GBV over follow-up. We calculated frequencies and incidence rates (IR) of each form of violence, stratified by age at enrollment (18–24 vs. ≥ 25 years). We used modified Poisson regression models to identify predictors of incident GBV and calculate adjusted relative risk (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals. Findings: Participants were a mean age of 31years (standard deviation: 11) and 60% identified as White race (793/1312), 15% as Black (196/1312), and 19% as Hispanic/Latine (242/1312). At baseline, 88% (1140/1312) reported any lifetime GBV and 42% (546/1312) recent GBV. Psychological violence was most common (39% [507/1312] recent, 85% [1101/1312] lifetime), followed by physical (12% [151/1312] recent, 65% [843/1312] lifetime) and sexual (7% [94/1312] recent, 43% [557/1312] lifetime). Perpetrators were most frequently family members, partners, and strangers. Incidence of GBV was higher among young adults (IR = 119·4/100 person-years, 95% CI = 107·0–132·9) compared to adults (IR = 88·5/100 person-years, 95% CI = 81·7–95·6). Among young adults, online versus site-based participants had elevated GBV risk (aRR = 1·14, 95% CI = 1·03–1·26). Among adults, food insecurity (aRR:1·13, 95% CI:1·04–1·23), higher discrimination scores (aRR:1·01, 95% CI: 1·01–1·02), psychological distress (aRR:1·08, 95% CI:1·00–1·17), and drug use disorder symptoms (aRR:1·09, 95 CI:1·01–1·18) were associated with increased GBV risk. Other predictors were observed in age-specific models for incident psychological, physical, and sexual violence. Interpretation: GBV is exceptionally high among US transgender women. Survivor services, protective policies, and interventions must explicitly address transgender women's needs, including age-specific GBV contexts. Funding: NIH
Abstract DP045: Machine Learning Analysis of Serum Immune Markers Identifies a Panel Associated with Incident Stroke in the Northern Manhattan Study
No full textBackground: Inflammation contributes to cerebrovascular disease and is linked to stroke risk. Serum immune markers may capture these pathways and improve risk stratification beyond traditional factors. We used machine learning to identify an immune panel, and tested its predictive value in the multiethnic, population-based Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS).
Methods: Stroke-free NOMAS participants aged ≥55 years with serum levels of 60 immune markers measured by a customized Luminex assay were studied. We applied the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox model, a penalized regression form of machine learning, with 5-fold cross-validation to log-transformed, standardized markers and all immune marker-marker interactions, using time-to-incident stroke as the outcome. Stability was assessed with event-stratified bootstrap resampling (B=300), retaining terms in ≥80% of resamples. Nested Cox models evaluated incremental predictive value of: (a) any single LASSO-selected marker, and (b) selected marker(s) plus stable interactions over traditional stroke predictors (Models 1-3: age only; +sociodemographics; +vascular risk factors: Table 2), using likelihood ratio tests (LRT) and, Harrell's C-index. We assessed improvement in risk categorization via continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI).
Results: Among 1,176 participants (mean age 70±9 years; 60% female; 68% Hispanic), 131 strokes occurred over 14 (IQR 6.5) years. LASSO selected one marker, CXCL9, and five statistical interaction terms, i.e., marker pairs whose effects varied with each other's levels: IL13 with βNGF; CXCL10 with CCL2; IL13 with TRAIL; CXCL10 with IL1α; and IL1α with IL21. Adding CXCL9 alone improved model discrimination (ΔC-index≈+0.011, LRT p<0.05 [all models]), but NRI was not statistically significant (e.g., Model 3: NRI=0.02, p=0.49). Adding the full panel yielded larger C-index gains (Δ≈+0.015-0.016, p<0.05) and significantly improved reclassification in all models (NRI=0.22, 0.28, 0.32; all p≤0.01). In the fully adjusted Cox model, CXCL9 remained associated with stroke (HR=1.21 per SD, 95%CI 1.02-1.43).
Conclusions: In this large cohort of urban older adults, a machine learning-selected serum immune marker panel improved risk reclassification beyond traditional factors, supporting its potential clinical utility. CXCL9, a monokine induced by IFN-γ (MIG), and the only single marker independently identified, may be a biologically plausible and modifiable prevention target