Centro Universitário Farias Brito: FB UNI Portal de Periódicos
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Decolonizing Theory Reveals Psycholinguistic Injustice in the Field of Speech/Language Pathology
No full textSubfields of Speech/Language Pathology (S/LP) in the Philippines and around the world are undermined by social notions of normality. Language ideologies of normality undermine developmental language assessment contexts that concern the diagnosis of Developmental Language Disorder relative to developmental language norms. Using my decolonizing theory that is in coalition with Dis/ability Critical Race Studies (DisCrit; Annamma et al., 2013) and Crip Linguistics (Henner & Robinson, 2023), I reveal how these ideologies facilitate ableist and racist social processes that lead to psycholinguistic injustice. Psycholinguistic injustice can manifest as monolingualism, monomodalism, and oppressive notions of language disorder. Confronting psycholinguistic injustice entails honoring indigenous roots and reclaiming the languaging that was erased by colonization. By confronting psycholinguistic injustice, speech/language pathologists can figure out how to support the legitimacy of multilingual and multimodal languaging development. By resisting psycholinguistic injustice in the field of S/LP, humanizing theories, research, and practices that fundamentally place racial and disability justice at the heart of S/LP can be developed. I conclude with my hopes for what psycholinguistic justice can be
Usually, I Don't Ruminate, Only From Time To Time: Disentangling The Associations Between Trait And State Measures Of Rumination And Affect At Multiple Timescales
No full textRecent experience sampling research on affective functioning has emphasized the importance of short-term dynamics, yet rarely evaluates whether momentary measures are better explained by stable individual differences or by within-individual fluctuations. To address this issue, we (1) decomposed the variance in momentary affect explained by rumination across the between- and within-person levels, and (2) compared the predictive validity of state-based (mean state) and global (trait) self-report rumination measures of between-person differences. Our sample comprised 247 individuals who received eight questionnaires every day for up to 28 days, assessing their momentary affective states and emotion regulation, yielding 14,265 observations. Our results showed that rumination indices explained 2–3 times more variance in momentary negative affect at the between-individual level than at the within-individual level. Mean state rumination and global self-reports were only moderately correlated, and the former explained roughly twice as much variance of negative affect. For positive affect, both predictors conveyed similar, weak predictive validity. These findings suggest that longer-term tendencies in emotion regulation are more relevant predictors of affect than momentary fluctuations. We propose that aggregated momentary measures may capture individual differences with greater validity than global self-reports, emphasizing the importance of accounting for timescale in experience sampling research
Targeting Behavioral Interventions Based on Past Behavior: Evidence from Vaccine Uptake
No full textBehavior change interventions are widely used, but for whom are they most effective? We examine whether past behavior shapes the effectiveness of interventions designed to either (1) provide information to shift intentions or (2) help people follow through on existing intentions. We focus on encouraging flu vaccinations. In online experiments (Study 1; N=2,602), a video correcting misconceptions about flu vaccines increased vaccination intentions more effectively among people who had not been vaccinated in the prior flu season than those who had. In a field experiment with health systems (Study 2; N=14,760), the same information intervention increased vaccination intentions and uptake for people who had not been vaccinated in the prior season but it did not have a significant impact on those previously vaccinated, though the difference between these subgroups was not statistically significant. In contrast, in the same field experiment, a follow-through intervention designed to make vaccination salient and convenient increased vaccine uptake only among those previously vaccinated. In a large-scale field experiment where streamlined adaptations of these interventions were delivered by a pharmacy (Study 3; N=2,980,249), the follow-through intervention was again more effective for prior adopters than for previously unvaccinated individuals, while the information intervention had no impact for either subgroup. Collectively, these findings suggest that people’s past behavior may indicate whether insufficient intentions or follow-through challenges are the more relevant impediments to behavior change. Organizations can use this insight to decide whether and how to invest resources in behavior change interventions
Sustainable agriculture as a topic of biology education for sustainable development
No full textSustainable agriculture is connected to many Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2, 6, 12, 13, 15) and encompasses different biological processes and procedures that are networked with one another. At the same time, sustainable agriculture links the ecological, social, and economic dimension of sustainability. In contrast to this role of sustainable agriculture, there is only scarce understanding about how students perceive these connections, particularly from the perspective of biology education. Within the present study, we used qualitative interviews to investigate (1) students’ understanding of biological components of sustainable agriculture, (2) their evaluation of the ecological, economic, and social dimensions of these components, and (3) their personal connection towards sustainable agriculture. The students from the German 10th grade reported close links especially of climate change to sustainable agriculture, but also mentioned issues of animal husbandry and biodiversity. Sustainable agriculture in its dimensions is basically perceived as an improvement compared to the current agriculture, with a focus on the ecological dimension. The students’ consumer behaviour and the aspect of health were the most frequently mentioned aspects in terms of sustainable agriculture referring to their own life. The results give insight into possible areas for the further development of educational materials and further integration of sustainable agriculture as a topic for biology education for sustainable development
Discrete Motion at Quantized Velocities
No full textProdigious effort has been expended to unveil the fundamental natures of space and matter but relatively little effort to unveil the fundamental nature of motion – by which I mean settling the question as to whether motion is discrete or continuous. Yet since motion is evidently a property of matter and presumably a property of space, the fundamental nature of motion should be a pointer to the fundamental natures of space and matter. This relative neglect of the fundamental nature of motion is also apparent in the construction of gravitational theories. Gravitation being a special form of accelerated motion implies that the fundamental nature of motion is necessarily part of a complete theory of gravity since any gravitational theory must fit within the framework of the model of motion. This paper proposes an integrated quantum theory of motion that would be an integral part of a well-conceived theory of quantum gravity. The model proposes that all subluminal velocities are derivatives of two fundamental velocities – specifically, elements of the set S = {c, 0}, where c is the velocity of light. We show that when applied to gravitation this model implies the existence of a quantum of mass, and when applied to general motion it implies the existence of a periodic mechanism by which a particle in motion sheds and reclaims its mass. In the conclusion, we predict the main features of a well-conceived theory of quantum gravity based on the implications of this model of motion
Violence as a Condition: Structure, Composition, and the Use of Lethal Force
No full textSince 2014, Russia's Wagner Group has gained prominence, expanding its role from driving Russian foreign policy across many African and Middle Eastern countries into an integral part of the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. In this paper, we first draw on the one-sided violence (OSV) literature to show how organizational incentives explain Wagner's violence against civilians pre-November 2021. Despite the static context of organizational incentives, Wagner's OSV lethality increased dramatically after the initial invasion. While prior research on this topic assumes organizations to be unitary and rational, we use personnel composition as an additional explanatory factor to explain OSV. Situated within research on combat psychology and health sciences, we introduce pre-combat experience (PCE) as key to understanding how training contributes to the use of OSV. By clarifying the role of PCE on OSV, we provide novel theoretical logic and empirical evidence explaining how individual-level experience aggregates to unit-level violence
Productive Explanation: A Framework for Evaluating Explanations in Psychological Science
No full textThe explanation of psychological phenomena is a central aim of psychological science. However, the nature of explanation and the processes by which we evaluate whether a theory explains a phenomenon are often unclear. Consequently, it is often unknown whether a given psychological theory indeed explains a phenomenon. We address this shortcoming by characterizing the nature of explanation in psychology, and proposing a framework in which to evaluate explanation. We present a productive account of explanation: a theory putatively explains a phenomenon if and only if a formal model of the theory produces the statistical pattern representing the phenomenon. Using this account, we outline a workable methodology of explanation: (a) explicating a verbal theory into a formal model, (b) representing phenomena as statistical patterns in data, and (c) assessing whether the formal model produces these statistical patterns. In addition, we explicate three major criteria for evaluating the goodness of an explanation (precision, robustness, and empirical relevance), and examine some cases of explanatory breakdowns. Finally, we compare our proposal to other models of explanation from philosophy of science and discuss how our model contributes to constructing and developing psychological theories with high explanatory power
Fame as an Illusion of Creativity: Evidence from Pioneers of Abstract Art
No full textWe disentangle two social structural views of fame: whether social structure influences fame directly or through the mechanism of creativity. We test these views in a significant empirical context: 90 pioneers of the early 20th century (1910–25) abstract art movement. Across two different types of ties, we find that social structure shapes fame directly rather than through the mechanism of enhanced creativity. Within the social structure of informal ties, an artist with greater structural and compositional diversity among her peers is likely to be more famous. Within the social structure of co-exhibition ties, an artist who is a part of a tight-knit clique is likely to be more famous. Across both types of ties, the effect of social structure is not associated with the artist’s creativity, which we measured using both subjective expert evaluations and an objective machine learning method. Rather, we argue that an artist with more nationally diverse peers had a creative identity that garnered more fame
Firms and the Intergenerational Transmission of Labor Market Advantage
No full textPay inequality stems both from firm pay-setting and from workers' individual characteristics. Yet, intergenerational mobility research focuses on transmission of individual traits, and has failed to test how firms shape the inheritance of inequality. We study this question using three decades of Swedish population register data, and decompose the intergenerational earnings correlation into firm pay premiums and worker effects. One quarter of the intergenerational earnings correlation at midlife is explained by sorting between firms with unequal pay. Employer or industry inheritance account for a small share of this firm-based earnings transmission. Instead, high-education and high-occupation workers disproportionately land at high-paying firms. Parental referral networks and the inheritance of industry and labor market context play a supplementary role. As workers with high-education or high-status jobs are increasingly also employed at high paying firms, firm sorting could become increasingly important to intergenerational earnings transmission
Uncertainty about maternal mortality in India: New estimates from the National Family Health Survey
No full textThis paper presents new estimates of national and regional maternal mortality ratios (MMR) for India using the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) 4 and 5, collected in 2014-15 and 2019-21. We compare the results to MMRs from the Sample Registration System (SRS), a nationally representative group of demographic surveillance sites. We estimate 256 maternal deaths (95% CI [222, 295]) per 100,000 live births in the NFHS-4 and 305 (95% CI [268, 344]) in the NFHS-5. The SRS reports an MMR of 130 for 2014-16 and 97 for 2018-20. Differences between the two surveys’ MMR measurements are largest in the socioeconomically disadvantaged states of north India. We discuss possible sources of sampling and non-sampling error in the two surveys. We conclude that these new NFHS estimates should inform discourse about the burden of maternal mortality in India