Tropical Wetland Journal (TWJ)
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MICROBIOTA IN MICE CONSUMING FERMENTED LOTUS (Nymphaea pubescens) SEEDS
Full text linkThe objective of this study was to evaluate microbiota in mice consuming fermented lotus seeds. There were two groups of mice studied, namely a group of mice given a standard diet (K), and a group of mice given standard ration added with fermented lotus seeds (TP). The parameters measured in the study were body weight of mice, total microbes, number of BAL, and number of E. coli, (14- and 28- day experiments). Each observation was repeated three times. The results showed that the consumption of fermented lotus seeds did not have any effect on microbiota (the number of microbes, BAL, and E. coli) in mice within the 28- day experiment, but the mice lost weight as much as 2.13%
AGROFORESTRY TECHNIQUES ON PEATLAND IN SABARU VILLAGE, PALANGKARAYA
Full text linkCentral Kalimantan with an area of 15,356,400 hectares have the degraded area of 4,636,890 hectares, some of which are peatlands. Peatlands are different from mineral lands or other organic lands. The chemical properties and characteristics of the peat including high acidity, low nutrient availability, and level of pyrite or sulfur should become the critical concerns for the success of land rehabilitation. One of the rehabilitation measures for degraded peatlands is by carrying out agroforestry techniques, the cropping patterns combining forest and agricultural crops that are mutually synergistic, with the goal of timber production in the long-term and crop production in the short term to meet the daily needs. The community development on agroforestry techniques on peatland in Sabaru Village, Palangkaraya, is one way to provide the insight to public to use lands to increase their income while improving and increasing the land productivity. The methods used in the agroforestry techniques in the village were the extension and training. The selected forest crop was meranti (Shorea Belangeran) and the perennial crops were petai (Parkia speciosa), mango (Mangifera indica) and rambutan (Niphelium lappaceum), while the agricultural crops were okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens), and the versatile crops turmeric (Curcuma domestica), lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus), red ginger (Zingiber officinale Var. Rubrum Rhizoma), and kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.). The extension was performed by introducing the types of forest and agricultural crops, land preparation, planting techniques, and maintenance. The training was conducted by carrying out direct practices of agroforestry techniques, which created a pilot project on an area of 0.5 hectares. After 5 months, the results showed that Shorea Belangeran and Parkia speciosa had the growth percentage of 90%. Although the agricultural and versatile crops grew well, they were used only for everyday purposes
ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION IN SPECIAL PURPOSE FOREST OF TUMBANG NUSA, JABIREN RAYA SUBDISTRICT, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN
Full text linkForests are natural resources that provide double benefits, direct and indirect benefits. The direct benefit of forest is as a source of various types of goods, such as woods, saps, barks, leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers that can be used directly by humans or become raw materials for various industries. The special-purpose forest of Tumbang Nusa is a secondary peat swamp forest. Peat swamp forest is a forest formation quite widespread in Indonesia. The term arises because swamp forest and peat forest are basically always adjacent and often do not have clear boundaries that are so-called peat swamp forests. The purpose of this study was to find out the structure and species composition (species dominance, species diversity, species richness and species evenness) of secondary peat swamp forest vegetation in special-purpose forest of Tumbang Nusa, Jabiren Raya Subdistrict, Central Kalimantan Province. The results of the study showed that the vegetation structure by diameter classes was dominated by the vegetation with small diameter (0-9 cm) and by height classes was dominated by the vegetation with low height-class (0-5 m). The diversity of vegetation in the study plots showed that there were 42 species of vegetation consisting of 24 families, and the most common species found were the family of Lauraceae (5 species), Dipterocarpaceae (4 species), Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae and Guttiferae (3 species), Podocarpaceae, Apocynaceae, Ebenaceae, Moraceae and Annonaceae (2 species), and a few other family (one species of each). The species diversity at seedling and sapling stages was moderate (H\u27 ≥ 2 and < 3) while the diversity at pole and tree stages was low (H\u27 < 2). The values of species richness index at seedling, sapling and pole stages were moderate (R = 3.5 - 5.0) while at the tree stage was relatively low (R > 3.5). The species evenness index at seedling and sapling stages was high (E > 0.6) while at the pole and tree stages moderate (E = 0.3 to 0.6)
ESTIMATION OF BIOMASS AND CARBON CONTENT IN EX-COAL MINE LANDS
Full text linkPotentially acid forming (PAF) and non-acid forming (NAF) lands are two types of lands found in ex-coal mine lands. These lands are similar to wetlands that have the potential to produce acid. PT. Jorong Barutama Greston is one of the coal mining companies required by the government to carry out reclamation by revegetation activities. Revegetation of ex-coal mine lands has generated plant biomass and carbon content to a specific value. The purposes of this study were to compare the amount of biomass and carbon content in ex-coal mine lands and to determine the best treatment for the ex-coal mine lands. The methods began with creating the measuring plots on the lands with different soil color (gray and brown). The soil color difference was determined by laboratory analysis test. For each different soil, the land revegetation was implemented with different treatments, 4 ameliorant treatments and 2 fertilization treatments so there were 8 units of treatments. Biomass and carbon content in each treatment unit were calculated by taking 4 plants as the laboratory test samples. The carbon content was calculated using the formula calculating the carbon of undergrowth with a diameter of < 5 cm. The results showed that the biomass and carbon content of plants in plot II were 17 times higher than those in plot I. The best treatment in plot I was the use of lime, bokashi and LOF (Liquid Organic Fertilizer) while the best treatment in plot II was the use of bokashi
VARIATION IN VEGETATION COVER OF SHRUB AS A VEGETATION CANDIDATE FOR GREEN OPEN SPACE COMPONENT IN CEMPAKA SUBDISTRICT, BANJARBARU
Full text linkGood urban structure and activity require green open space to improve the ecological functions in it, but trees are not fully able to meet the important space in the urban vegetation while woody shrubs have the potential for it. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find out the potential of shrub as the component of urban vegetation so that it can be used as the information regarding the planning for land conversion in Cempaka subdistrict. Three sampling stations with 3 plots of 4x4 m at each station were determined on the basis of green open space data of shrubs in Cempaka subdistrict using a purposive sampling method. The shrub canopy was analyzed and environmental parameters were measured. Data were analyzed using the analysis of canopy volume, Pearson correlation analysis and analysis of Importance Value Index (IVI). The results of shrub vegetation estimation indicated that the volume of shrub vegetation canopy in Cempaka subdistrict was up to 22,462,878.50 m3 while the area with shrubs in the subdistrict was 5,675.116 hectares. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the canopy volume of shrubs in Cempaka subdistrict affected the changes in environmental factors. The most dominant shrub species was Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Bl with IVI value of 56.1%. It can be concluded that shrubs have potential as the component of the green space vegetation in urban areas
EFFECTS OF INUNDATION DEPTH ON GROWTH OF 14 PLANT SPECIES ON PEATLANDS IN PULANG PISAU REGENCY
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Rehabilitation of degraded peat-swamp forests, especially in Central Kalimantan Province, is becoming increasingly important in order to restore the ecological functions and maintain the biodiversity and carbon pool. The problem facing the rehabilitation effort is the limited knowledge about the techniques of rehabilitation on peat swamp lands using local species because inundation frequently occurs in this area during rainy season which greatly affects the growth of the plants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of resistance of plants to inundation on peat swamp lands in Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. The experiment was conducted in Taruna Jaya village, Jabiren subdistrict. Pulang Pisau Regency, using 14 different plant species endemic to peat swamp forests, with two factors, namely the level of immersion/inundation and plant species. In order to find out the plant resistance to inundation and the root growth, some variables were measured, such as the survival percentage of plants after tested in inundation and planted in the field, the assessment of the tree health using the criteria of Forest Health Monitoring (FHM), and the root-shoot ratio (RSR). The results showed that of the 14 species tested, Belangeran (Shorea balangera Korth) and Bintangur (Calophylum sp.) had good resistance to the condition of inundated soil, high adaptability in the field, and high value of RSR (root- shoot ratio). The plant species with high efficiency in absorbing nutrients and water were Shorea balangeran Korth, Calophyllum sp., Dyera polyphylla, and Alstonia pneumatophora. Those with the very high value of tree health were Alstonia pneumatophora, Calophyllum sp., D. pseudomalabarica, Dyera polyphylla, Shorea balangeran Korth, Trisraniopsis sp. and Stemonurus secondflorus
ESTIMATION OF CARBON STORAGE IN SHRUBS IN CEMPAKA SUBDISTRICT, BANJARBARU
Full text linkThe amount of critical lands, mostly wetlands, in South Kalimantan Province has increased, and it requires quick and sustainable recovery. An analysis of the potential of shrubs in vegetation indicated that shrubs had an important role in greening a city either in mixed vegetation or in vegetation filled with shrub strata. This basic characteristic becomes the basis of the study on carbon storage in shrubs and their potential as the alternative vegetation in the recovery of degraded lands. The study was conducted in Cempaka Subdistrict, Banjarbaru. Samples were taken at three stations, each of which consisted of three plots sample plots measuring 4 x 4 m. Carbon storage in the shrubs was estimated using the main stem diameter, and converted into table of average carbon estimation. The shrub canopy was estimated based on the types of canopy using formulas and types of canopy volume. The results showed that the average value of carbon storage contained in the shrubs per plot was 15.54 lbs/m2/day, with an average canopy volume per plot was 0.40 m3. In 1 ha of growing area, shrubs was estimated to absorb carbon up to 155,416.67 lbs. Total canopy volume developed by the shrub vegetation in the area was 22,462,878.50 m3/ha. The canopy volume has a correlation with carbon storage in shrubs, so shrubs are potential as the initial alternative vegetation or pioneer plants for reforestation of degraded land
A MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTIC FOR WILT DISEASES OF BANANA IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
Full text linkAmong other provinces in Indonesia, South Kalimantan used to be known as one of the most famous local suppliers of bananas, especially for Java and Bali. However, since 2006 the productivity has declined dramatically due to the disruption of plant diseases. The early, fast, accurate and precise detection of the disease is needed in order to control the disease appropriately. One of the most useful, fast and accurate diagnostics that was carried out in this research was Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This molecular technique has never been carried out before to detect banana diseases in South Kalimantan. This research aimed to identify the sick banana plants taken from 13 locations in 6 (six) regencies in South Kalimantan Indonesia, representing banana planting areas: Banjarbaru City, Batola, Tanah Laut, Tapin, Hulu Sungai Selatan and Hulu Sungai Tengah regencies. The results showed that the disease of all banana plant samples was positively identified as Blood Diseased Bacteria (BDB). It was established by the electroforesis result after being viewed under UV illumination that the band was at the same position as the positive control (BDB), 317 bp.7 bp
HUMIC ACID CRACKING BY ACTIVATED CLAY CATALYSTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF ITS PRODUCTS
Full text linkHumic acid is a compound of colloidal,amorphous, and complex aromatic polymerwith functional groups of -COOH (carboxyl), -OH (phenol), and C = O (carbonyl). The presence of these functional groups provides a rationale for assuming that humic acids have a potential to produce phenolic, carboxylic and carbonylic compounds through cracking process. In this study the cracking was done by isolating humic acids from peat soil, and facilitated by a clay catalyst which had been activated. Humic acids were isolated by extracting the acids from the peat with NaOH and HCl. The characterization of humic acids included the determination of the ash content by gravimetric method and the analysis of the functional groups of humic acids by Infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The clay to be activated was shaped into two forms, pellets and 20-40 mesh granules. The clay was activated by immersing it in HCl and NH4NO3, and then calcined. The characterization of catalysts included the determination of acidity and the Si/Al ratio gravimetrically, as well as the analysis of the pore volume, maximum pore radius, surface area and average pore radius by Surface Area Analyzer NOVA-1000. Humic acid cracking was performed by a fixed-bed reactor system at a temperature of 400°C. The Liquid smoke, the product of cracking, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS to determine the number of compounds and major compounds contained in the liquid smoke. The results show that the isolated humic acid had ash content of 9.10%. Activated clay had acidity and Si/Al ratio higher than the clay before actifated. Based on the analyses of GC and GC-MS it can be found out that the major compounds contained in liquid smoke, the product of humic acid cracking with 20-40 mesh catalyst at a temperature of 400°C were phenolic compounds (74.56%), and no carboxylic and carbonylic compounds as the major compounds. The activated clay can be used as the catalyst for humic acid cracking
PRODUCTIVITY OF HAIRY WATER LILY (Nhymphaea pubescens Will.) SEEDS IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN’S BACKSWAMPS BASED ON LINEAR MODEL
Full text linkThe study on the productivity of water lily seeds in South Kalimantan’s backswamps using Wageningen method and the interview with middle traders could give more information about water lily as food commodity. Rainfall pattern in Tabalong, Hulu Sungai Utara (HSU) and Hulu Sungai Selatan (HSS) regencies is like U letter. U type is sensitive with Monsoon. This Monsoon area is affected by easterly wind and local wind. When the sun is at the south side in October to March, the Monsoon moves from west to south east, and in the other way around in April to September, the wind moves from south east to west. In April, the height of water level in some different areas was the same. The highest water level was in Paharangan subdistrict that could reach more than 100 cm and the lowest was in Hambuku subdistrict, about 80 cm. Based on the interview with middle traders, it was found out that in Hambuku subdistrict and its surrounding area, there was about 1.0 to 1.7 t/ha of water lily seeds each period. In Ampukung, Hambuku and Paharangan subdistricts, the water lily seeds were about 1.121 t/ha, 1.057 t/ha and 0.653 t/ha, respectively. If the paddy fields in Tabalong, HSU and HST regencies are 10,683 ha, 21,2252 ha, and 18,763 ha, respectively, those areas potentially can yield about 11,976.661 t/ha, 224,456.2 t/ha and 12,254.6778 t/ha. Whereas, based on radiation (Rg), the photosynthetically active radiation on very clear days (Ac), in cal cm-2 day-1, and daily gross photosynthesis rate of crop canopies on very clear days (bc) in kg ha-1 day-1 for Pm = 20 kg CH2O ha-1 hr-1, it showed that the yield of hairy water lily seeds in Ampukung, Hambuku and Paharangan subdistricts was 1.1560 t/ha, 1.1425 t/ha and 1.1021 t/ha, respectively. Hairy water lily naturally grows with seeds in soil and water in paddy field, so it can grow, develop, and produce seeds. Therefore, agronomical technique is important for further study