ERNEST (Toyo Bunko E-Resource Network Storage) / 東洋文庫リポジトリ
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From the Five Dynasties to the Northern Song: The Policies toward the Southern Tang Employed by the Emperors Taizu and Shizong during the Later Zhou Period and the Change in These Policies
Full text linkInterstate relations during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periods had been regulated by the so-called “world order” that was centered on rule from the Zhongyuan 中原 region. However, this perception was influenced by the recognition of historical materials compiled in the Northern Song Dynasty. Thus, attempts at elucidating interstate relations at the time need to be made, to the extent possible, using actual documents exchanged between these states and their rulers.
Therefore, this paper focuses on the interactions between the states of the Later Zhou and the Southern Tang. A large number of citations are taken from the Cefu Yuangui 册府元龜, which mentions the war between these two states that lasted from 956 to 958 as well as the peace negotiations and subsequent postwar process. The Southern Tang utilized documents in a form known as biao 表, a memorial to the throne, while the Later Zhou utilized documents with an opening phrase of either “The Emperor respectfully asks” (Huangdi jingwen 皇帝敬問) or “The Emperor respectfully asks by letter” (Huangdi zhishu jingwen 皇帝致書敬問). In the Five Dynasties period, the zhishu 致書 (to write a letter) format indicating the equality of sender and recipient was commonly used in documents exchanged between states and rulers, but the correspondence mentioned above between the Later Zhou and the Southern Tang is an exception to this general rule.
By tracing the changes in the relationship between these two countries, this paper attempts to elucidate the specifics of the transition period from the Five Dynasties to the Northern Song. The first section presents a view of the circumstances during the reign of the Later Zhou Emperor Taizu 太祖 and points out that statements made at the time avoided negativity and placed greater priority on the stability of trade in the border region. The second section presents an overview of documents that were sent to the Southern Tang by Emperor Shizong 世宗. Finally, the third section presents a description of the fact that the Southern Tang demanded to become a “foreign vassal” (waichen 外臣) of the Later Zhou, that the Later Zhou replied to this demand using the Huangdi jingwen format; but the Later Zhou was not particular about making the Southern Tang a vassal state. Therefore, Shizong sometimes used the phrase Huangdi zhishu jingwen to show respect to the Southern Tang. This case symbolizes the late Five Dynasties period during which the “unification” of China was not necessarily considered yet.journal articl
Ownership Stamps Found in the Collection of the Toyo Bunko（21）：Stamps of the Academic institutions / Cultural Organizations.
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Chapter 2. Connecting Courts and Cloisters: Memoria, Sovereign Patronage and Annuity Endowments in the Byzantine World
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