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Kishimoto Hirokichi: The Inspector-General of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Get PDFThe Inspector-General (IG) of the Wang Jingwei government’s Maritime Customs Service, Kishimoto Hirokichi 岸本廣吉, was one of the most outstanding employees in the history of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service. He had the third longest years of service after Robert Hart and Frederick Maze among all the IGs and held the post of Chief Secretary for more than nine years, the longest term in history. His career demonstrated that an East Asian could be as successful as a Westerner in the Chinese maritime customs even before the Second Sino-Japanese War. During the ‘Solitary Island’ period of Shanghai, Kishimoto collaborated with Frederick Maze, the British IG at that time, for securing the integrity of the customs service. Having taken office as IG, Kishimoto initiated a series of reforms to the Wang Jingwei government’s custom houses in the middle and lower Yangtze plains. The biggest challenges he had to stand up to were brought by the Northern Political Council in North China and the Japanese army in South China, both of which acted virtually independently. He managed, however, to maintain the status quo of the Wang Jingwei government’s customs service until the end of the Second World War by using his best endeavours. Kishimoto paid off 1001 Japanese employees during the final days but failed to do same for the other nationals. The present article will illustrate how Kishimoto, as the Japanese head of the British dominated Chinese institution, displayed his political flair in balancing the power of employees from the three countries and how he combined his own national identity and his sympathy to China.journal articl
Methods of Divination Found in Jiaoshi Yilin: A Study of the Bibliography and Characteristic Features the Extant Texts
Get PDFJiaoshi Yilin 焦氏易林 (hereafter Yilin) is a book of divination, which is thought to be written by Jiao Yanshou 焦延壽, who served the imperial court of Former Han Dynasty Emperor Zhao (昭帝; r. 87–74 BCE). This article takes up the issue of the work’s approach to divination, which has been argued to conform to shifa 筮法 of I-Ching 易經. However, during the Song Period, a debate arose regarding that approach, resulting in a method of adoption quite dissimilar to that of I-Ching. The author proceeds to examine for the first time the Yilin approach to divination focusing on that very controversy and the discussions that have followed up to the present day.
The author begins by laying out the characteristic features of the work and compiling a bibliographical genealogy of the extant copies. The existing genre may be generally categorized into the Yuan-Period manuscript (元抄本), the Ming-Period print (明刻本) and the Song-Period collated print (校宋本), the last of which is thought to be based on the first, in spite of its name. The author argues that one reason why large discrepancies exist between the texts of the Yuan manuscript and the Ming print is that the former was based on a version which predated the collation done by Huang Bosi 黃伯思 (1079–1119), while the latter postdated it. Moreover, the manuscript which the author discovered in the National Library of China contains prefaces which carries information regarding the fengua-zhiri 分卦直日 method of assigning hexagrams to days of the month.
The author then turns to Yilin’s methodology via an examination of the prefaces to the texts and related sources from the Song Period, which reveals at least three possibilities: 1) the I-Ching method for deriving hexagrams using divining sticks; 2) the above mentioned fengua-zhiri method; and 3) a combination of 1) and 2). That being said, since the fengua-zhiri method was specifically discussed during the Song Period, it was probably first proposed at that time in the work’s history, leading the author to conclude that as it is impossible to state definitively what the orthodox divination method of Yilin is, it should be considered as a work outlining a number of different approaches.journal articl
Research Trends in Japan on Buddhist Sites in Southern Central Asia: Focusing on the Study of Bactria from 1990 to 2020
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Research Trends on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Japan: A Systematic Review of Literature
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The Issue of Extra-Settlement Roads in Shanghai during the Last Decades of the Qing Dynasty
Get PDFEven before the decline of the Qing Dynasty, which began at the turn of the 19th century, there were cases of the construction of access roads in and out of the former British Settlement of Shanghai; then as early as 1869 the ratepayers of the consolidated International Settlement approved the management of “extra-settlement roads” by the Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC).
In 1885, with the introduction of a private subscription system, the SMC began collecting monetary dues to pay for various infrastructure projects and law enforcement services beyond the Settlement’s boundary. While this move was initially intended to provide security in this area, the SMC gradually employed the policy to expand its influence outside the Settlement. Through proposal of the special tax of water in 1906, the SMC attempted to bring its private subscription system into the new millennium, by renewing its contract with the Shanghai Waterworks and levying surcharges on existing water rates. The same method was then used in contracting telephone services.
On the other hand, the chief executive of the Qing Dynasty’s Shanghai local administration, the Taotai, was not about to recognize any encroachment of foreigner influence beyond the Settlement and thus refused to allow any SMC tax collection outside its border. At the same time, however, the Taotai was forced to recognize the utility of the Settlement’s various infrastructure projects on the periphery, thus approving water supply, while prohibiting the collection of external taxes to pay for them. Nevertheless, these actions did not mean that the SMC’s surcharges were completely eliminated, as the Taotai merely avoided mentioning their existence, resulting in Chinese subjects paying water surcharges to the SMC until 1911, when finally exempted; but the Council continued to collect from foreign residents.
However Taotai might recognize all along the fact that the surcharges were still collected even after he banned, so rather than make further action on prohibiting their collection, he no doubt preferred to concentrate on the modernization of local administration in the Chapei region adjoining the Settlement. This is why it was necessary for the Taotai to continue to stress that the northwest suburb of Paoshan prefecture along the Yangtze River was not an open port, but rather a part of the Chinese inland territory, in order to demonstrate his success in preventing the expansion of foreign influence into its inland regions.journal articl
