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Zaynabidin Abdirashidov, ‘Abdurra’uf Fitrat in Istanbul: Quest for Freedom
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Iron Production in Southern Song Fuzhou: Based on the Sanshanzhi Lu-hu Entry and Shipwreck Evidence
No full textPrevious scholarship has long recognized that large-scale iron production became feasible in China during the Song dynasty. Although estimates of annual output vary, researchers have noted that iron was among the commodities traded in the Southern Seas during the Song–Yuan period. However, recent underwater archaeological investigations have revealed shipwrecks carrying substantial quantities of iron, indicating that iron should be understood not only as a material for domestic production and consumption but also as a significant maritime trade commodity.
The Sanshanzhi 三山志, a local gazetteer of Fuzhou whose core content reflects the Chunxi 淳熙 era of the Southern Song, presents several textual and chronological aspects. Nevertheless, its entries on lu-hu 爐戸 (metal production unit) and on iron provide valuable evidence for reassessing regional iron production. A close reading of lu-hu in volume 14 (“Land and People”) shows that most mineral resources reported as being continually exploited were iron deposits, suggesting that the lu-hu were principally engaged in iron production. Iron in volume 41 (“Local Customs and Products”) further cites the Fujian Circuit’s iron prohibition law, which exempted agricultural tools and cooking vessels from state restrictions.
Artifacts recovered from shipwrecks mainly consist of iron pots and bar-shaped ingots. The bar iron resembles the teeth of a harrow and can reasonably be classified as an agricultural implement. Given that tools and pots were explicitly exempted under Fujian’s iron prohibition law, export-oriented iron goods were likely limited to items that could be categorized within these exemptions. Although the Sanshanzhi does not allow for the calculation of annual output, it clearly suggests substantial production beyond what official statistics recorded.journal articl
No. 41 (ca). རྗེ་བཙུན་བསོད་ནམས་ལྷུན་གྲུབ་ལེགས་པའི་འབྱུང་གནས་རྒྱལ་མཚན་དཔལ་བཟང་པོའི་རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པ་ཞུས་ལན་ཞེས་བྱ་བ་བཞུགས་སོ།། / rJe btsun bSod nams lhun grub legs pa'i 'byung gnas rgyal mtshan dpal bzang po'i rnam par thar pa zhus lan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. No. 44 (ka). རྗེ་བཙུན་བླ་མའི་རྣམ་པར་ཐར་པ་ངོ་མཚར་རྒྱ་མཚོ་བཞུགས་སོ།། / rJe btsun bla ma'i rnam par thar pa ngo mtshar rgya mtsho bzhugs so.
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