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Tibetan(dBu med Script)-Naxi(Dongba Script) Bilingual Document: Memorandum of a Land Contract in Baidi Bowan Village in the Sanba Naxi Township of the Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province
Get PDFThis article examines a memorandum of a land contract concluded in Baidi Bowan Village and discovered in the Sanba Naxi township, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The document was written in both Tibetan (dbu med script) and Naxi (Dongba script). Documents on the premodern socioeconomic life among the Tibetan and Naxi peoples are rare, but those written in both scripts are even rarer.
The author begins by translating and annotating the Tibetan and Dongba script content in Japanese, then compares the two scripts for differences in content and analyzes the document’s form and format in comparison with other source materials. Finally, the author examines the possible factors that led to the writing of the document in terms of social conditions and historical background.
The fact that Dongba priests and Tibetan Buddhist lamas were deeply involved as witnesses in the creation of the document indicates the prestigious social influence they wielded in the region at the time. Although no major divergence in the content of the two scripts can be found as to purpose, there are differences in their methods of expression, in the detail of description, in personal and place names, seals, and the number of people referred to. The analysis also reveals several aspects of reality in grassroots society, showing contact between the two ethnic groups on a daily basis.
In terms of the document’s form and format, the Tibetan script is almost identical to that of other Tibetan cultures; but the Dongba script may have been influenced by Tibetan language documentation.
The author concludes that the collection and analysis of such documents relating to conditions at the grassroots level will enable us to uncover heretofore obscure aspects of premodern socioeconomic life among the Tibet and the Naxi peoples.journal articl
Strengthening Governance within the Party by the Nationalist Party Propaganda Bureau in the Early Days of the Tutelage Period
Get PDFThe propaganda bureau of the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) has the role of “induction of the public opinion,” “regulation of the public opinion,” outside the party, and “opinion agreement” to unify the opinion within the party. This paper demonstrates that the propaganda bureau of the KMT strengthened control by unifying the opinion within the party in the early days of the tutelage period.
Two methods of unifying the opinion were employed. First, the KMT created a vertical leadership system for the local party propaganda bureau by the central party, and second, the party members were instructed by the content of the propaganda to homogenize political ideas.
After the reorganization of the KMT in January 1924, the necessity of both methods was recognized; however, the system was not sufficiently established, and the opinion was not unified. Therefore, it was extremely vulnerable as an organization. Hence, the KMT proceeded with developing the propaganda organization in 1928. First, the organizational rules of the central-local propaganda bureau were formulated, and the hierarchical relationship between the propaganda bureau of local propaganda organization was established with the central propaganda bureau at the top. An “propaganda system” based on orders and obedience was institutionalized. In addition, in the “propaganda strategy” established by the central propaganda bureau, the propaganda was divided into “inside the party” and “outside the party.” The “inside of the party” propaganda refers to unifying the intentions of the party members.
After establishing such an institutional framework, the central propaganda bureau increased its effectiveness in various ways. First, it thoroughly carried out a “propaganda work report” to the upper party bureau from the lower party bureau. The central propaganda bureau gave instructions based on these reports, rigorously assessing and evaluating the reports to control the lower party. Furthermore, to promote the unification of the content of propaganda, a national propaganda conference was held to unify the content of propaganda and to exchange people. By supplying a large amount of propaganda items throughout the region, they tried to unify the propaganda and promote the unification of the party members’ opinions.journal articl
The Chinese Constitutionalism and Hans Kelsen during the Cold War: From a Perspective of the History of the Republic of China
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