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Changes in Grassroots Regime and Mass Organization in Shenyang (1948–1954)
Get PDFShenyang was the first large-scale industrial city to be taken over by the Chinese Communist Party. The process of exploration and adjustment in the city’s grassroots regime and mass organization went through four stages between the years 1948 and 1954. Initially, the old organizations and their personnel were kept in place to manage grassroots society and expand the influence of democratic government. Then, the baojia 保甲 system was abolished and neighborhood offices and residents’ organizations were established. This was followed by the exploration of a form of urban governance different from rural forms, in which the administrative organization was simplified and political power was concentrated at the municipal level.
Since such a move away from grassroots regime led to confusion in social governance, in addition, due to the outbreak of the Korean War, district governance was restored and neighborhood organizations rebuilt. Through such political movements as the “Three-Antis” and the “Five-Antis” Campaigns promoting an accelerated move towards socialism, the CCP also stepped up its domination of grassroots society, which resulted in the establishment of a socialist neighborhood/resident system.
Such changes in grassroots regime and mass organization in Shenyang were not only attempting to adopt urban characteristics and meet the needs of its grassroots society, but also reflecting the constraints imposed by such domestic and international factors as the CCP’s concept of nation-building, the Korean War and China’s transition to socialism.journal articl
A Short History of the “Tilasmī Aiyārī” Novel: The Rise and Decline of a New Trend in Hindi Literature in the Years around 1900
Get PDFTowards the end of the 19th century, Hindi writer Devakīnandana Khatrī (1861–1913) incorporated the two motifs of the labyrinth (tilasma) and the master of deception capable of solving it (aiyāra) into his first novel entitled Candrakāntā (first published in 1892), an epic fantasy which opened up a whole new genre of popular Hindi fiction, called “Tilasmī Aiyārī upanyāsa,” which has been widely read ever since. Despite the plethora of similar works following Khatrī’s style, none were able to eclipse Candrakāntā and its 24-part sequel, Candrakāntā Santati. After a surge of Tilasmī Aiyārī novels during Khatrī’s lifetime, the number of new works began to decline during the early 20th century as realism came to dominate Hindi fiction.
The research to date on the Tilasmī Aiyārī novel has been limited to commentaries on Khatrī’s masterpieces and introductions to other authors adopting his style, while no authoritative bibliography has yet been compiled covering the whole genre. In response, this article is an attempt to clarify the history of the Tilasmī Aiyārī novel, as one breakthrough in the early stages of the development of the Hindi novel, based on the library catalogs created in the midst of British colonial censorship, which, while by no means complete, still make it possible to get some idea of circumstances surrounding Hindi publishing at that time. In addition to the available catalogs, advertisements appearing in the actual publications provide important clues to the publishing history of the Tilasmī Aiyārī genre.
The author also traces the origin of the term “Tilasmī Aiyārī upanyāsa,” and its “discovery” by later literary critics, since there was no such characterization of Khatrī’s style, or its imitators, during its heyday.journal articl
