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Jewish Intellectuals and the ‘Citizen, Speak Turkish!’ Campaign in Early Republican Turkey
Get PDFThis paper examines the responses of two prominent Jewish intellectuals, Tekin Alp and Avram Galanti, to the ‘Citizen, Speak Turkish!’ Campaign in 1928, which was the biggest campaign demanding that all non-Turkish- speaking citizens speak the Turkish language during early republican Turkey. During the campaign, Jews were harassed in public spaces because they lacked Turkish language ability. In this situation, two Jewish intellectuals responded to the campaign by publishing books on the future of the Turkification of Jews. On one hand, Tekin Alp, an enthusiastic ideologue of Turkish nationalism, published Turkification, in which he presented the ‘Ten Commandments’, ten slogans for the Turkification of Jews. On the other hand, Avram Galanti, a professor at Darülfünun, published Citizen, Speak Turkish! in which he outlined the historical reasons for the failed Turkification of Jews. This paper compares their arguments about Turkification and their descriptions of Jewish identity to recognise the similarities and differences between the two authors. It also discusses what makes the differences in their claims.
Both authors attempted to calm public opinion by using the framework of patriotism shown by Sephardim in the late Ottoman period. To this end, they tried to differentiate between Jews and Christians, while emphasising the ties between Jews and Muslim Turks. However, the ideological difference and the timing of their publications make a difference between their claims. Tekin Alp was devoted to Turkish nationalism and published his book during the campaign. He complied with the requests of the republican elites and claimed that Jews should Turkify their language, culture and even their soul. By contrast, Avram Galanti, whose book was published after the violence of the campaign supporters was quelled, took a more moderate position. He appealed to the government to introduce Turkish instruction in schools and tried to show how Jews had been gradually coming to accept the Turkish language. In response to the two Jewish intellectual’s claims, prominent members of the Jewish community expressed their approval or disapproval and tried to show the public what kind of Turkification policy was acceptable to the Jewish community.journal articl
Chapter 4. The Oldest Map Becomes the Newest: Takenomori Dōetsu’s 1696 Map of the Ryukyu Kingdom
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The Mechanism Underlying Increased Grain Production in China in the 1970s and Its Intersection with Policy Changes before and after “Reform and Opening-Up”
Get PDFBetween the late 1970s and the early 1980s, there was an unprecedented increase in China’s grain production. This exponential increase enabled a shift within the domestic labor force from grain production to industrial production, thereby supporting economic growth during the era of “reform and opening- up”. However, it remains unclear as to why grain production increased at the end of the 1970s. This paper examines the mechanism of grain production, with a focus on the government’s policy of expanding food supplies in rural areas.
The introduction of new types of agricultural inputs, such as chemical fertilizers and electric pumps, characteristically occurred in rural villages that successfully increased their grain production in the 1970s. Beginning in the 1970s, these agricultural inputs became widely available in rural areas, but they were costly. To purchase them, peasants needed to acquire large amounts of capital through a strategy of diversified management, which included rural industries.
Against this background, the following mechanism behind increased grain production in rural villages in the 1970s can be observed. Villages that successfully increased their grain production first achieved a minimum level of food self-sufficiency and subsequently diverted part of their labor force from grain production to diversified management. A portion of the profits accrued through diversified management were then used to purchase agricultural inputs. This strategy promoted an increase in grain production and a further shift of the labor force from grain production to diversified management. In this way, a cycle was initiated, wherein increased grain production led to the expansion of diversified management, which, in turn, prompted further increases in grain production.
The mechanism behind increased grain production in rural areas was closely followed by the government of the People’s Republic of China. To widen its application at a larger scale, in 1977, the government initiated a policy of expanding food supplies in rural areas. As this paper shows, to some extent, this policy contributed to increased grain production. It can be argued that the intention behind this policy was to increase grain production in ways that augmented the wealth of rich peasants, thereby anticipating the “getting rich first” (xianfu lun 先富論) paradigm.journal articl
Battle of Talas and Suiye: Unravelling the True Purpose of Tang Dynasty’s Military Campaign
Get PDFThis paper explores the historical development leading up to the Battle of Talas, which took place in 751 between the Tang Dynasty and Islamic forces.While some studies have long regarded the battle as an important clash in world history, others have argued that it was a serendipitous encounter with little impact on subsequent historical developments. This paper discusses the historical significance of the battle, starting from examining the motive of the Tang army, which was led by Gao Xianzhi 高仙芝 to the banks of the Talas River.
First, Chapter 1 discusses the context of Central Asian history leading up to the Battle of Talas. The Shāsh (Shiguo 石國), patronised by the Turkic nomadic Huangsheng Türgiš (Huangxing Tuqishi 黃姓突騎施), found themselves in conflict with the Tang. The Shāsh’s defection from the Tang during their conflict with Fergana prompted Gao Xianzhi’s military expedition and eventually led to the outbreak of the Battle of Talas.
In Chapter 2, two historical documents are examined: the newly discovered Turfan document dating back to 751 (2006TZJI:026) and the Epitaph of Guo Yao 郭曜 from 783. Both documents record the departure of Gao Xianzhi’s army for the Battle of Talas. Remarkably, they mention Suiye 碎葉 (Sūyāb, now the site of Ak-Beshim) as the initial destination before Talas. This is in line with the records of Du Huan 杜環, which provide more details about Suiye than the Battle of Talas itself. Thus, it is clear that the initial destination of Gao Xianzhi’s army was not Talas but Suiye.
In Chapter 3, it is pointed out that the Huangsheng Türgiš had a strong presence in Central Asia at the time. The Gao Xianzhi’s army, following the defection of Shāsh, assumed that it would engage in battle with the Huangsheng Türgiš rather than the emergent Islamic forces, and set out for Suiye.
The examination conducted by this paper reveals that Gao Xianzhi’s expedition, which resulted in the Battle of Talas, did not intend to target the Islamic forces; the engagement between the two factions was purely coincidental.journal articl
