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Du You’s Hua-Yi Distinction as Seen in the Tongdian:Considering the Descriptions regarding the Gaoche and Levirate Marriage Customs as Clues
Get PDFDu You 杜佑 wrote the Tongdian 通典 during the Tang dynasty rule, and it strongly reflects his political convictions. A part of the book dealing with frontier defense, the Bianfangdian 邊防典, comparing the "ancient Chinese" to "modern barbarians,"has been associated with Du You's progressive view of history and open-minded perspective of different peoples.This paper reconsiders the originality of the Tongdian by analyzing the differences between the Bianfangdian and the underlying Weishu 魏書 regarding the record of the Gaoche 高車 marital custom.
In contrast to the Weishu, which stated that there was no levirate marriage custom among the Gaoche, the Bianfangdian omitted this description. Although previous studies have considered this to be an error in the Weishu, this custom was recorded for a reason. Levirate was practiced in the imperial family of the Northem Qi, such as between Taizu 太祖 and his son Shizong 世宗. To proclaim legitimacy as the Chinese dynasty, the Weishu did not describe levirate as a barbarian practice. The fact that the Gaoche, who had close ties to the Northern Qi Dynasty,had not practiced the levirate custom was favorable for the Weishu.
The Tongdian emphasized that levirate was a northern barbarian custom,and used the derogatory terms zheng 蒸 and bao 報 to refer to it.This style of description had previously appeared in the various texts compiled during the early Tang dynasty, and the Tongdian utilized it thoroughly. The Weishu's assertion that the northern barbarian Gaoche did not practice the levirate was inconsistent with this policy of description,and thus Du You erased this record from the Tongdian. Du You's active use of this strategy stemmed from his foreign policy of preventing the advancement of barbarians into China. By comparing the "ancient Chinese" to "modern barbarians," he aimed to assert the immutability of barbarians,and there was a clear distinction between the Chinese and the barbarians in this assertion. The descriptions of levirate in the Tongdian reinforced Du You's claim that the Chinese are distinct from the barbarians.journal articl
The Problem of the Management of the Three Imperial Shengjing Mausoleums and Puyi in Modern Chinese History
Get PDFThis article discusses the history of the management of the three Shengjing 盛京 mausoleums in relation to the problems of modern Chinese history, such as the treatment of the “ancestral temple and mausoleums” and of the “private properties” of the Qing Imperial Household after the promulgation of the “Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication.” In particular, we elucidate the characteristics of the management system based on Puyi’s 溥儀 intention to be deeply involved in the preservation of the three Shengjing mausoleums during the Manchukuo period, and approach the reality of the Manchukuo.
From the Qing dynasty to the collapse of Manchukuo, the management system by the Qing dynasty was severed only when the Republic of China made it into a park after the promulgation of the “Revision to the Conditions of Special Treatment of the Qing Royal Family.” After the establishment of Manchukuo, the management system by the Government Administration Office, Imperial Household Office, and related organizations under the direct control of Puyi, namely the Qing Imperial Household, was restored. Preservation of the Qing dynasty property has a history of being linked to efforts to restore the Qing dynasty. Nevertheless, in Manchukuo, which had Puyi as its head of state but denied the restoration of the Qing dynasty, not only was the administration system on the Qing Imperial Household side restored, but Puyi’s intentions were also reflected in various aspects such as the establishment of the management organization, personnel affairs, and repair budgets. In this way, the reality of Manchukuo was evident in the fact that the political heritage of the late Qing dynasty, which was deeply related to the restoration of the Qing dynasty, could not be eliminated.
The process of appointing Chen Zengshou 陳曾壽, who played a central role in the management organization since the early days of Manchukuo, revealed that Puyi, who appointed him, was the main figure in the preservation of the mausoleums. Puyi’s intention in preserving the three Shengjing mausoleums was to appear as the “Great Qing Emperor” by reviving the mausoleums as the “private property” of the former Qing Imperial Household and reviving visit to the mausoleum.journal articl
日本社会党国会議員秘書訪中団（1968年）に関する坪井隆治氏へのインタビューおよび史資料
Get PDF1968年1月9日から2月25日まで日本社会党国会議員秘書訪中団が中華人民共和国を訪問した。団員の一人であった坪井隆治氏（衆議院議員帆足計公設秘書）へのインタビュー記録（2021年9月１日実施）および氏の私蔵史資料。
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(1)訪中旅行日程、坪井隆治氏略歴、インタビュー記録
(2)史資料（周恩来会見写真、現地撮影スナップ写真、自筆日誌B5ノート2冊など）editoria
Chapter 2. Bounding Early Modern Japan: Bakufu Maps, Hayashi Shihei, Kondō Jūzō, and Inō Tadataka
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A STUDY OF THE GRUB MTHA’ OF TIBETAN BUDDHISM Volume 1 (Revised Edition) Chapter on the Sa skya pa of Thu’u bkwan’s Grub mtha’ shel gyi me long
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Recovering Bandits and Imperial Pardons in the Second Half of the Latter Han Period
Get PDFDuring the second half of the Latter Han period, particularly after the reign of Andi 安帝 (106–125), a large number of bandits took up arms. Most of the bandits were suppressed by the central government and local government forces while others were pardoned by the emperor and dissolved. In the second half of the Latter Han period, the method in which local governors persuaded bandits to dissolve became increasingly popular. This study examines the background of the implementation and success of this method, which is referred to as “recovery” in this paper
During the Han dynasty, bandits were mostly suppressed by force, but some were dissolved by imperial pardon. Although pardons are known to have disrupted social order, they are also believed to have played a role in restoring public order, albeit temporarily. In the second half of the Latter Han period, however, some bandits continued to ignore the pardons or re-uprose after the pardons were granted. This scenario indicated a decline in the effectiveness of these pardons. Specifically, such decline was due to the fact that pardons were no longer able to fundamentally alleviate people’s hardships as natural disasters and other problems, such as the spread of poverty, degraded government officials, and rampant corruption, became increasingly serious in the second half of the Latter Han period.
During the same period, a recovery policy emerged in which local governors unconditionally forgave bandits and accepted their surrender. However, the forgiveness of bandits was originally the exclusive prerogative of the emperor. In fact, during the Former Han dynasty, local governors were sometimes punished for forgiving bandits on their own. However, in the second half of the Latter Han period, this punishment was not apparent as local governors were recognized and honored by the imperial court instead. Specifically, this shift was due to the recovery policy implemented by regional governors that included measures for rebuilding people’s lives, such as reducing harsh administration. These measures were more effective than pardon in dissolving bandits and preventing their re-emergence.journal articl
