ERNEST (Toyo Bunko E-Resource Network Storage) / 東洋文庫リポジトリ
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International Symposium Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of the Toyo Bunko. Accumulation of Asian Knowledge and East-West Exchange
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On the Chinese collection’s Ownership Stamps Found on books in the Toyo Bunko collection (1)
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Management of Mongol-Tibetan Transportation by the Dalai Lama Government during the 17th and 18th Centuries: Focusing on Transportation across the Changthang Plateau
Full text linkThis paper focuses on the management of the Dalai Lama government in Mongol-Tibetan transportation during the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly the regions north and south of the Changthang Plateau.
The Dalai Lama government, established in the middle of the 17th century, rapidly expanded its ties with Mongolian nomadic states supported by Tibetan Buddhism. Given the frequent exchanges between these groups across the Changthang Plateau, the transportation played a crucial role. Previous studies on the Tibetan transport system have primarily focused on Central Tibet. However, the unique environmental conditions and the use of camels for transportation in these regions suggest the need for further investigation into the corresponding infrastructure. Therefore, this paper seeks to shed light on this subject by analyzing the Junghar tea offering missions of the 1740s, leading to the following findings.
The Junghar tea offering missions relied on horses and camels for travel, resting and replenishing their exhausted livestock in the Tsaidam Basin and Nakchu, located north and south of the Changthang Plateau, respectively. While Mongolian pilgrims and missions generally had free access to the Dalai Lama government’s transport service, ula, upon their arrival at Nakchu, the Qing empire restricted Junghar missions from using it. On their return, they were able to replenish their livestock in Nakchu for transport across the Changthang Plateau. This pattern continued into the modern era, as Mongolian pilgrims and missions could still replenish their camels in Nakchu. The Dalai Lama government placed a group known as the Zhungsok of Nakchu, originating from Oirads, under its control. Its minor chiefs, called darokhas, were responsible for inspecting travel documents and managing governmental pastoral herds. In Qinghai, across the Changthang Plateau, Dalai Lama-controlled domains, including Oirad communities, similarly supported the supply of livestock for travelers. These communities used terminology consistent with that of Nakchu, confirming the existence of darokhas.
In conclusion, the Dalai Lama government maintained control over the Oirads in Nakchu and Qinghai, who settled there following the arrival of Gushi Khan. Additionally, it established a transportation infrastructure to address specific mobility challenges associated with Mongolia.journal articl
