ERNEST (Toyo Bunko E-Resource Network Storage) / 東洋文庫リポジトリ
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Sādhana Documents and the New Documentary Regime of Mysore Kingdom in Early Modern South India
Full text linkIn Mysore Kingdom, one of the most powerful regional states in South India during the early modern period, the government sought to implement a novel system for the management of documentary records. It introduced a few types of official paper documents, which were to be written in the local language Kannada, one of which was sādhanas. This study introduces and analyses official sādhana documents which have received limited attention in extant studies.
The official sādhanas were to be prepared by both kings and high-ranking government officials for documenting the grant of rights conducted under the instructions or with the permission of the monarch and notifying the grantee directly. The rights typically granted in official sādhanas related to the collection of taxes from villages/lands, which constituted part of the king’s prerogative power. Regarding narrative format and composition, sādhanas bear a general resemblance to a specific type of inscription that proliferated during the Vijayanagara period. Moreover, they display certain similarities with copperplate documents, as well as contain elements that are not found in either stone inscriptions or copperplate documents. Although there appear to have been limitations on the expansion of preparation and circulation of official sādhanas, they were incorporated into the new documentary regime along with śāsanas (copperplate documents and stone inscriptions) as auxiliary documents, thus enabling the regime to survive and function effectively.journal articl
Chinese Banks in the Colonial Economy: A Case Study of the Be Biauw Tjoan Bank in the Netherlands East Indies
Full text linkThis study explores the role of Chinese banks in the regional economy of the Netherlands East Indies between the 1910s and 1920s. In Southeast Asia, several Chinese banks were established in the early 20th century, although many had brief lifespans, and their business operations remained largely obscure. This study focuses on the Be Biauw Tjoan Bank, established in Semarang, Central Java, and examines its business characteristics from the perspective of the colonial economy and intra-Asian trade.
The Be Biauw Tjoan Bank was owned by a wealthy Chinese family involved in opium farming in Central Java during the 19th century. Seeking to utilize their accumulated assets, the family ventured into banking, receiving credit support from the Java Bank, a central bank of the colony.
This study investigates the flow of capital from the Java Bank to the Be Biauw Tjoan Bank and then to the local Chinese, using archival records from the Java Bank. The analyses reveal that loans from the Be Biauw Tjoan Bank to the local Chinese were primarily secured by imported Asian goods such as Japanese cotton cloth or sundry items. The import volume of Asian goods surged after the First World War due to disrupted European shipping routes in the Netherlands East Indies. Inexpensive goods from Japan, accepted as substitutes by Europeans, penetrated local markets. At the same time, the Java Bank relied on the Be Biauw Tjoan Bank, with its knowledge of the credit conditions of local Chinese, to serve as an intermediate financial function with Chinese merchants. Because financial connections between European banks and Chinese businesses were disrupted after the 1917 Sugar Crisis, this collaboration became critical as part of efforts to prevent speculation by local merchants.
The collapse of the Be Biauw Tjoan Bank in 1927 marked the end of its intermediary role. European trading companies subsequently assumed direct responsibility for financing Chinese merchants, who continued to dominate local distribution. However, capital investments by the Be Biauw Tjoan Bank in the early 1920s helped solidify the presence of Japanese products in the local market.journal articl
