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The Search for Enduring Peace: Promoting Rebel Party Formation in Post-Civil Conflict States
Get PDFCivil wars have been a common occurrence throughout human history and have had an immense impact on political developments worldwide. Infamous examples include those in Rwanda, the Congo, Ukraine, and more recently, Syria, Yemen, and Afghanistan⸻all of which were, or haven been quite violent and with a range of human rights abuses committed by both state and rebel actors. Civil wars often have a variety of outcomes: a decisive win by government and military forces, a revolutionary victory and overthrow of current powers accomplished by rebels, the creation of a “failed state” lacking legitimate leadership and political institutions, or a stalemate in which government and rebel actors are forced to negotiate some sort of a peace settlement. After the Cold War era however stalemates have increased by 50%, with roughly 70% of civil wars on average ending with this outcome (Fortna 2009, 7). In the case of a stalemate, or even a less forceful government victory, one option that is occasionally presented to rebels operating in democratic settings is to form political parties. Ultimately rebel party formation is a safe middle ground post-conflict, as ex-combatants have the chance to realize or retain some sort of political status and influence, while not obligating government officials to concede power to rebels in its entirety. In other words, ex-combatants retain the opportunity to share and hopefully persuade the broader public to adopt their ideologies, but under the auspices of democratic norms and institutions. As opposed to rebel groups being abolished outright, when granted the opportunity to form political parties they are given a more reconciliatory way to be reintegrated into their societies and participate in the happenings of the state, which in turn might decrease the likelihood of recidivism. In a democratic setting, government leaders and international observers can also more closely monitor ex-combatant reintegration
Sanctuaries of Story: Oral History as Peacemaking in African American Church Communities
Get PDFA cold and clear winter day in February brought me to the congregation of Mt. Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church, sitting still and resolute atop a small hill in modest Atglen, PA. I had arrived to meet “Brother” Clarence Nixon accompanied by his wife, “Sister” Shirley Nixon. The Nixons have been members of the church for just shy of 75 years. Bundled in winter coats, at 95 and 86 years of age, Clarence and Shirley sat down across from myself and Mt. Zion AME Church’s pastor, Rev. Linda Ellerbe, to share some of their life stories. We sat for nearly two hours, as I listened to ordinary and extraordinary memories from Clarence, augmented by occasional anecdotes and reminders from Shirley. As Mt. Zion embarks on a journey of historical rediscovery and memory preservation, I was privileged to be invited to conduct several oral histories for elder members of this congregation. After the interview, as I began to transcribe the recording, one particular moment during the interview captured me so completely that I replayed it several times...
65W HP Pavilion Power Adapter
No full text65W HP Pavilion Power Adapterhttps://mosaic.messiah.edu/libraryofthings/1034/thumbnail.jp
2021-2022 Annual Report By the Numbers
Get PDFMurray Library\u27s 2021-2022 Annual Report displayed as an infographic. It includes highlights for the 2020-21 year and testimonials from educators, undergraduate, and graduate students
Drifting Dandelions
Get PDFI’ve always loved dandelions.
Not the sunny frill blossoms but
the white see-through clocks.
The way white spherical bubbles
bob their heads over the green blades
Samuel Asuque Program Notes Final Draft
Get PDFThis program includes:
Conductor bio and Recital introduction………………………………………………………. 2
T’amo Mia Vita by Vittoria Aleotti……………………………………………………………. 3
Cuando tú no estás by Liliana Cangiano……………………………………………………….4
Im Wald by Fanny Hensel……………………………………………………………………….6
Abendfeier in Venedig by Clara Schumann…..………………………………………………..7
Veni Creator Spiritus by Linda Kachelmeier…………………………………………………..9
Stabat Mater by Sulpitia Cesis………………………………………………………………...10
The Bird’s Lullaby by Sarah Quartel……………………………………………………...….11
In Remembrance by Eleanor Daley…………………………………………………………...12
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………….1