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mmWave Signal Blockages on the Ohio Northern University Campus
No full textImagine a future where entire 4K movies transfer in less than a second, self-driving cars communicate with a city’s traffic in real-time, and phone calls are seamless anywhere in the world. The sixth generation of cellular technology, 6G, could make this future a reality. However, a critical challenge must be addressed in millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies, which are the essential frequencies to 6G’s high-speed capabilities. These frequencies have short propagation distances and are highly susceptible to blockages from everyday objects such as buildings, trees, and even people. This research focuses on the challenges of mmWave signal blockages on the Ohio Northern University campus. By utilizing field measurements and applying them to simulation models, the study evaluates the effects of obstacles, like buildings or walls, on mmWave signals. Alongside the outdoor campus, the James Lehr Kennedy Engineering building will also be analyzed to explore the distinct strategies needed to ensure a reliable 6G network in each setting. The probability of a device being line-of-sight to a base station, or stations, and connecting to the network was determined for each scenario. The findings revealed macrodiversity as a promising solution to the challenges associated with mmWave frequency implementation. This approach, which allows multiple base stations to connect to a device simultaneously within a given area, was found to significantly increase the line-of-sight probability while reducing the overall number of base stations required for coverage. Unlike the rushed deployment of 5G, which led to gaps in coverage and public misconceptions, the research of 6G challenges early. This research offers reassurance that 6G development is guided by lessons learned from previous generations, making way for a reliable, efficient, widely accepted network
Practical ARQ Protocol for an Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Network
No full textThis research aims to determine a practical ARQ protocol for an energy harvesting wireless sensor network. In a typical ARQ protocol, if an unsuccessful transmission occurs, the base station will again request the packet until it receives the information or a timeout occurs. To prevent some of this loss, the nodes can actively receive and store the data transmitted by other nodes. Then, when requested by the base station, several copies of the information can be sent by all nodes present, thus increasing the chances of a successful secondary transmission. However, when the nodes are reliant on some form of energy harvesting, the reliability and efficiency can decrease significantly. In this study, one base station and three energy harvesting nodes make up the network, with an ARQ protocol as described above. If a transmission to the base station fails and the surrounding nodes successfully receive the information, a decentralized algorithm can be used to determine which of the nodes is the most energy efficient to retransmit the information. This algorithm simply creates an internal timer at each node, the length of which is determined by the energy stored in each node. Meaning, the node with the most battery will have the shortest timer. Once the specified time has passed, the given node will retransmit the packet, and upon receiving this, the other nodes will cease their own packet retransmission. This method of retransmission is expected to be more efficient both in terms of data and energy
Unmanned vehicle air-ground coordination system
No full textIn environments with unknown terrain, poor GPS quality, or complex obstacles, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) may be teamed with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to aid them in navigating to objectives. The UAV provides a bird’s-eye view of the surrounding area to the UGV, which fuses this data with its own sensor data to plan navigation tracks through the operating area. This study evaluates the economic and technological challenges of building a visual air-ground coordination system on a UAV-UGV pair using off-the-shelf components and open source software libraries. The system aims to increase the reliability and accuracy of UGV localization over conventional GPS localization by constraining position errors to only the region of ground visible to the UAV’s camera
Color psychology in posters from 1970 through 1990s.
No full textColor has played an important role in graphic design for decades. Each decade has had its own defining color palette that has been influenced by social, cultural, and even political factors. The most prominent evidence of this influence in graphic design is seen through posters. By using research tactics such as visual anthropology, mood boards, color psychology, and literature review, I will be collecting and analyzing data about the color palette in posters that came to represent the 1970s, ’80s, and ’90s. This study will provide a scope into what influenced the color scene of each decade
Changing Demographics Among African Americans and Latinos and Their Effects on Voting Patterns in the United States
No full textThe United States has had significant growth in its African American and Latino populations for decades. Convention would predict that such growth would give the Democratic Party significant electoral advantages. However, recent trends within both populations shows that these minorities that have largely voted for Democrats by significant margins may be shifting away from Democrats and toward Republicans. To show this trend, elections since 2000 are analyzed with election results, exit polling, and Census data. The changing voting patterns of these groups will have major implications for electoral policy and the strategies political parties will use to appeal to these groups
Accelerated Life Testing of Springs for Copeland Plug Installing Device
No full textThe goal of the standard capstone project is to create a device that installs an electrical plug into a refrigeration compressor for Copeland Corporation. The proposed solution will use the existing “fence” on the compressor as a way to lock on and align the device with the electrical connection point. The device will have a slot where the plug to be installed is inserted. This slot will then be pushed by a rack and pinion mechanism powered by a hand drill. Once fully inserted, a release on the handle will allow the device to be released from the plug and fence allowing the device to move vertically up and away from the now-conjoined plug and compressor. The goal of this honors project is to test the durability of the springs that lock the device onto the fence for alignment. Recognizing Copeland’s concern for the longevity of the springs, this research should provide some expectations for the lifespan of the springs and the required replacement schedule. The testing will be done by creating a mechanical device that will rapidly compress and release a spring to measure their lifespan and durability over long periods of simulated usage. This device will attempt to mimic the actual travel distance and force exerted on the springs when used to install a plug. The deliverable will be a report on the durability and lifespan of the springs in this specific application based on data from the testing apparatus
AI Legal Innovations: The Benefits and Drawbacks of Chat-GPT and Generative AI in the Legal Industry
Get PDFInvestigation of Optimization Algorithms
No full textMy research investigates the performance of five optimization algorithms, Evolutionary Strategies (ES), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), Sequential Least Squares Programming (SLSQP), and Trust-Region Constrained (Trust-Constr), for value function optimization in the PI-NSGA-II package. I evaluated these algorithms on 100 value functions across different Pareto-front types (concave, convex, and linear) and varying numbers of decision-making points (η). My results show that GA and DE are unsuitable for this type of optimization, consistently underperforming and often resulting in negative epsilon values. In contrast, SLSQP, ES, and Trust-Constr demonstrated acceptable performance, with Trust-Constr offering a balance between accuracy and efficiency. After considering factors such as runtime, number of function evaluations, and final ε, I selected Trust-Constr as the default method for the PI-NSGA-II package
FDA Approves Neffy®- First Nasal Spray for Anaphylaxis
Get PDFBetween 1.6 and 5.1% of the United States population have experienced anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction.1 Anaphylaxis occurs when someone is exposed to an allergen, most commonly foods, medications, and insect venom. Epinephrine is the first-line agent for anaphylaxis treatment, and it is critical to administer this medication immediately after the onset of anaphylactic symptoms to prevent worsening that could lead to death. Epinephrine, more commonly known as EpiPen® or Auvi-Q®, has historically only been available as an intramuscular (IM) injection. Many people are afraid, anxious, or uneducated on how to properly give someone an IM injection, causing anaphylaxis treatment with epinephrine to be delayed. In fact, out of the estimated 40 million Americans with type one severe allergies, only 3.2 million had a prescription for an epinephrine autoinjector device in the year 2023.2 Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved neffy®, an intranasal (IN) formulation of epinephrine, for anaphylaxis treatment. This new formulation has many advantages that will ultimately lead to better outcomes for people experiencing anaphylaxis
