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Anticipated Stigma and Self-Racialization: From Alcohol Flush Reaction to Panethnic Asian Glow
No full textAlthough the biomedical processes of the alcohol flush reaction are well understood, no research has investigated social responses to the reaction. Interviews and focus groups with college students show that Asians and Asian Americans are acutely aware that flushing raises the specter of racial stereotyping, as in the colloquial term Asian glow. White drinkers are oblivious, however, both to their own flushing and that of others. Most Asian flushers develop positive interpretations of the alcohol flush reaction, internalizing it as an identity marker of a pan-ethnic Asian community. Moreover, many also understood their flushing as a positive ability that allows them to better control their drinking than non-flushers. These findings suggest that flushing must also be understood through a sociocultural lens of ethnic identification, with implications for theories of ethnic identification and interventions against alcohol abuse
Cross-ethnic and same-ethnic friendships in elementary classrooms: Unique associations with school adjustment
No full textUsing a multi-cohort, 5-month longitudinal design, this study examined prospective links between stable crossethnic (CEF) and same-ethnic friendships (SEF) and psychosocial and academic indicators of school adjustment in elementary classrooms in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The sample included 1960 1st (M-age = 6.9), 3rd (M-age = 9.0), and 5th (M-age = 10.9) grade students followed from the middle to the end of the school year. Results showed that 64% and 66% of all children had at least 1 stable CEF and SEF, respectively; the frequency of each friendship type was higher across ascending grades. Stable CEF uniquely predicted residualized change in 4 indicators of school adjustment (lower loneliness and peer victimization, greater sense of peer community and academic effort); stable SEF uniquely predicted 2 indicators of school adjustment (lower loneliness and peer victimization). Classroom ethnic diversity moderated the link between CEF and peer victimization
Homeowner associations and city cohesion
No full textHomeowner Associations (HOAs) are an increasingly common form of attempts to provide localized public goods to a subset of residents in a city. As HOAs have increased in size and scope, there have been substantial debates about their benefit, and in particular, their impact on citizens who are not HOA members. One argument against HOAs has been a perception that they lessen city cohesion by setting some citizens o forward slash from others. We investigate one channel through which HOAs might improve city cohesion: their ability to dull the desire for wealthy city residents to attempt to leave or secede from a city. We also examine the degree to which poor residents might take the secession option of wealthy residents into account when they form their preferences regarding tax levels for the city. We conduct an economic experiment aimed at eliciting preferences people may have under these different circumstances. We find that HOA-like options can reduce the desire of the wealthy to exit a city and that the presence or absence of an exit option or an HOA option can also impact the tax requests by the poorer residents in a city. Both results suggest a previously unexamined benefit of allowing HOAs
Novel Nicotine Concentration Labels Improve Adolescents\u27 and Young Adults\u27 Understanding of the Nicotine Strength of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Products
No full textIntroduction E-cigarette liquid nicotine concentrations typically are labeled as mg/mL or percent, which poorly convey nicotine strength to users. We evaluated whether four novel nicotine concentration labels better convey information about nicotine strength and addictiveness. Methods Adolescents and young adults (N = 826) completed an online survey in 2020. Participants rated nicotine concentrations (3, 6, 18, 30, 40, and 50 mg/mL) from no nicotine to very high nicotine communicated using current market labels (mg/mL, percent) and four new labels (text-based, caution sign-shaped, horizonal stoplight, vertical thermometer) which used color, symbols, and verbal strength descriptors. Participants reported on perceived addictiveness for all labels viewed and rank-ordered labels on perceived ability to convey information accurately. Results Participants ranked the vertical (77%) and horizontal (70%) labels in first or second place and mg/mL (59.1%) and percent (47.2%) in last or second-to-last place. All new labels conveyed nicotine strength more accurately than did market labels (M[SD] correct of 6: percent = 1.50[1.08]; mg/mL = 2.14[1.52]; caution = 5.23[1.37]; vertical thermometer = 5.28[1.51]; text = 5.33[1.36]; horizontal stoplight = 5.47[1.14]), with the horizontal label also outperforming the thermometer and caution labels. Underestimating nicotine strength was uncommon among all new labels (4.7-6.8%). The new labels also were associated with increased perceived addictiveness at higher concentrations (30, 40, and 50 mg/mL), although the thermometer label underperformed the others. When considering perceived nicotine strength, rates of strength underestimates, perceived addictiveness, and rank ordering, the horizontal stoplight label performed best. Conclusions Novel labeling could improve understanding of nicotine strength and e-cigarette-related risk. Implications Extending prior research showing that adolescents and young adults who use Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) have difficulty understanding nicotine concentrations labeled using mg/mL and percent nicotine, the current study demonstrates that novel nicotine concentration labels can improve understanding of nicotine strength and influence perceptions of addictiveness among young ENDS users. While four novel labels were tested, each outperforming current market labeling, the novel label that resembles a horizontal stoplight performed best. The study provides proof-of-concept that creating an easy-to-understand nicotine concentration label is possible and that new labeling better conveys information about nicotine strength and addictiveness
Testing Abiotic Reduction of NAD Directly Mediated by Iron/Sulfur Minerals
No full textLife emerged in a geochemical context, possibly in the midst of mineral substrates. However, it is not known to what extent minerals and dissolved inorganic ions could have facilitated the evolution of biochemical reactions. Herein, we have experimentally shown that iron sulfide minerals can act as electron transfer agents for the reduction of the ubiquitous biological protein cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) under anaerobic prebiotic conditions, observing the NAD/NADH redox transition by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and H nuclear magnetic resonance. This reaction was mediated with iron sulfide minerals, which were likely abundant on early Earth in seafloor and hydrothermal settings; and the NAD/NADH redox reaction occurred in the absence of UV light, peptide ligand(s), or dissolved mediators. To better understand this reaction, thermodynamic modeling was also performed. The ability of an iron sulfide mineral to transfer electrons to a biochemical cofactor that is found in every living cell demonstrates how geologic materials could have played a direct role in the evolution of certain cofactor-driven metabolic pathways