Innovare Academic Sciences: E-Journals
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BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES DERIVED FROM FOOD PROTEINS: BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS, PRODUCTION STRATEGIES, AND APPLICATIONS IN FUNCTIONAL FOODS
No full textInterest in functional foods has grown steadily as attention has shifted toward dietary components that may contribute to health beyond basic nutrition. In this context, food-derived bioactive peptides have received considerable attention because they are naturally present within common dietary proteins and can be released during food processing, fermentation, or digestion. Once liberated, these peptides may interact with physiological systems in ways that depend on their amino acid sequence, structure, and the food matrix in which they are consumed. This review summarizes current understanding of bioactive peptides derived from animal, plant, and marine protein sources, with particular focus on the biochemical mechanisms through which they exert biological activity. Reported mechanisms include modulation of enzymes and signaling pathways related to blood pressure regulation, oxidative balance, glucose metabolism, inflammatory responses, antimicrobial defence, and appetite regulation. The major strategies used to produce these peptides – such as enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and gastrointestinal digestion – are discussed, along with emerging approaches aimed at improving peptide availability and functionality. Applications of food-derived bioactive peptides in functional foods, including dairy products, cereal- and legume-based foods, beverages, and nutritional supplements, are considered from an applied food science perspective. In addition, practical issues related to peptide stability, bioavailability, safety, and regulatory considerations are highlighted. Although research in this area continues to expand, translating experimental findings into consistent and nutritionally relevant food applications remains a key challenge. A balanced and evidence-based approach is therefore essential for the responsible development of peptide-enriched functional foods
A Study of Internet Addiction among Students of the Four-Year ITEP and B.El. Ed. Programs
No full textThe present study compared the levels of internet addiction among students pursuing the Integrated Teacher EducationProgramme (ITEP) and Bachelor of Elementary Education (B.El.Ed.) courses. The objective of this study was to determinewhether there were significant differences in the tendency toward excessive internet use among students pursuing bothteacher training courses. A descriptive survey method was used in this study. The study population included students fromcolleges and universities in Jhansi city offering ITEP and B.El.Ed. courses. A total of 100 students were selected as a sampleusing a simple random sampling method: 50 were pursuing B.El.Ed. and 50 were pursuing ITEP. Data on the research variable“Internet Addiction” were collected using a standardized test developed by Gulati, Kurisunkal, and Bakliwal. Mean, standarddeviation, and t-test were used for statistical analysis of the data. Based on the research findings, there was no statisticallysignificant difference in the level of internet addiction among students in ITEP and B.El.Ed. courses. The trend in internet usewas found to be almost identical across students in both groups. Possible reasons for this could be the fact that both coursesare conducted in urban environments, equal availability of internet, and the increasing reliance on the internet for academicand personal needs. This study could be useful in teacher training programs to help teachers understand students’ digitalbehavior and provide guidance on balanced internet use
USING AI PARAPHRASE TO IMPROVE THE NATURAL WRITING ABILITIES OF EFL STUDENTS
No full text Strong essay writing abilities are essential for students learning English as a foreign language, especially when creating research papers. They decided to take a support class after realizing that 15 pupils were having difficulties in this area. To enhance communication in the virtual setting, the instructor created a WhatsApp group. To help students come up with ideas for their writing, the instructor started the lesson by providing essay topics as optional starting points. The instructor then suggested that they use an artificial intelligence (AI) grammar checker to assist them become more accurate with grammar. In addition, the instructor emphasized the importance of editing their work and recommended the use of paraphrasing AI as a tool. Students were told to check the original and paraphrased texts to make sure the rewritten material appropriately conveyed their intended meaning. The research objectives were then addressed through qualitative analysis of the data collected during the teaching and learning process. It was concluded that employing AI paraphrasing aids pupils in producing writing that is more natural. Teachers could use these kinds of findings to teach related subjects. It also encourages more in-depth observation of the related issue by other scholars
ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AS A PART OF INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN IRAQ
No full textBased on the data and the reality of the economic environment, and according to indicators and facts of the current performance of the agricultural sector in Iraq, and in light of the future challenges facing Iraqi agriculture for plans and programs to achieve sustainable agricultural development and the problems and determinants of these plans and programs, and to achieve full benefit from the potentials and opportunities available to achieve aspects of sustainable agricultural development in Iraq, and to push the current possible paths for this development toward achieving more technological development and keep pace with contemporary regional and international developments in the aspects of agriculture and foreign trade in agricultural products, and as an attempt to do so, this study sheds light on a set of environmental agricultural indicators (Agri- Environmental Indicators) agricultural environmental indicators (AEI), which approved by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in line with the current reality of sustainability in Iraqi agriculture, through the use of data reports issued by the Ministry of planning/Central Bureau of Statistics and the Ministries of Health, Environment, Agriculture and Water Resources. A general trend analysis has been carried out to find out the direction of the environmental performance economically and to know its efficiency and its impact on sustainable agricultural development in Iraq. Besides the use of AEI, we use the quadratic analysis method as a matrix of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. It is a common method used when assessing performance. Points and elements of this analysis used to improve performance. If there are untapped power elements, they can be used to improve environmental performance. Work is also done to overcome weaknesses. One of the most important results of this study is that all the factors in the environmental assessment need to be developed and overcoming weakness as a step ˇw_ ard sustainable agricultural development in Iraq
GC-MS (GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY - MASS SPECTROMETRY) ANALYSIS SEED KEBIUL (CAESALPINIA BONDUC (L) ROXB)
No full textObjective: Kebiul (Caesalpinia bonduc (L) Roxb) is one of the medicinal plants that plays an important role in treating various diseases, but this plant is vulnerable to extinction. This study aims to explore the possibility of various biological compounds in the ethanol extract of the seed kernel and seed coat of kebiul using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
Methods: The seed coat was removed from the kernel of the kebiul seed. After being ground into a powder, the seed kernel and seed coat were dried in an oven set to 40°C for 1 h, and grinding them into a fine powder. The powder was soaked in 70% ethanol at a 1:10 (w/v) ratio for 3 days at room temperature, with occasional stirring. The chemical composition of secondary metabolite in the ethanol extracts of both the seed kernel and seed coat of kebiul was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrumentation (ID ISQD1702517_1) at a temperature of 25.30°C and humidity of 35%.
Results: In this GC-MS analysis, 87 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the ethanol extract of seed kernel and 50 bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the ethanol extract of seed coat. Seven chemicals in the seed kernel ethanol extract obtained the highest relative peak area (>2%) from each chromatogram, with the highest compound at a retention time of 19.93 min, namely 6-Octadecenoic acid, and three compounds in the seed coat ethanol extract obtained the highest relative peak area (>2%) in this investigation, with the highest compound at a retention time of 19.65 min, namely 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-.
Conclusion: GC-MS analysis identified 87 phytochemical compounds were identified in the ethanol extract of kebiul seed kernel and 50 phytochemical compounds were identified in the ethanol extract of kebiul seed coat.
Keywords: Active compound, Caesalpinia bonduc (L) Roxb, GC-MS analysis
ADVANCED NANOTHERAPEUTICS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS TREATMENT: FROM BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER CROSSING TO REMYELINATION ENHANCEMENT
No full textMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune demyelinating disorder characterised by chronic inflammation, progressive neurodegeneration, and failed remyelination. Current disease-modifying therapies remain limited by poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, systemic toxicity, and inadequate targeting of pathological processes. This review comprehensively analyses the role of nanotechnology in overcoming these therapeutic hurdles, examining cutting-edge platforms that address BBB crossing, immunomodulation, and remyelination enhancement in MS treatment.
Three primary nanotechnology platforms demonstrate exceptional therapeutic potential: Gold nanocrystals (CNM-Au8) showing remarkable remyelination activity through energy metabolism enhancement, currently in Phase 2 clinical trials with demonstrated oral bioavailability and BBB penetration; PLGA nanoparticles loaded with myelin antigens inducing robust antigen-specific immune tolerance via tolerogenic immune-modifying mechanisms, preventing disease progression in preclinical models; and Extracellular vesicles providing natural BBB crossing capability with superior immunomodulatory and remyelination-promoting effects through microRNA and growth factor delivery. Additional promising platforms include mannosylated liposomes for targeted antigen delivery, solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced brain bioavailability, and phosphorus-based dendrimers for precision immunomodulation. These approaches demonstrate significant improvements in motor function, reduced neuroinflammation, enhanced myelin repair, and induction of long-lasting immune tolerance.
Despite remarkable preclinical success and early clinical validation, challenges in manufacturing scalability, regulatory translation, and long-term safety profiles remain. Future efforts must focus on clinical translation through optimised targeting designs, standardisedcharacterisation protocols, and comprehensive toxicity studies to realise the transformative potential of precision nanomedicine in MS therapy
IN SITU GELLING OCULAR FILMS OF LORATADINE: A MUCOADHESIVE PLATFORM FOR ENHANCED ANTIHISTAMINIC OCULAR DELIVERY
No full textObjective: The objective of this study was to prepare an in situ gelling, mucoadhesive ocular film of loratadine, with extended precorneal retention and sustained release.
Methods: The films were formulated using the solvent casting method, using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M (HPMC K4M) as a film-forming polymer, sodium hyaluronate (SH), sodium alginate (SA), polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K-30) as mucoadhesive polymers, and propylene glycol (PG) as a plasticizer.
Results: Among the fourteen formulations prepared (F1-F14), formula (F5), containing 1% HPMC K4M and 0.75% SA, exhibited high drug content (99.11±3.57 %), suitable pH (7.03±0.09), thickness (0.080±0.008 mm) and tensile strength (3.44±0.11 N/mm2). The film quickly hydrated to form a gel-like structure with proper mucoadhesion (4.436±0.09 N), and in vitro dissolution studies showed sustained drug release (99.43% over 12 h) that best fitted Korsmeyer–Peppas model, suggesting Fickian diffusion. The developed film showed no cytotoxicity or irritation to eyes in studies conducted on rabbits.
Conclusion: The optimized in situ gelling loratadine ocular film has desirable properties, and is promising for long-term topical ocular delivery of loratadine
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AZELNIDIPINE LOADED SELF MICRO-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM USING D-OPTIMAL MIXTURE DESIGN
No full textObjective: Azelnidipine, a BCS Class II calcium channel blocker, exhibits poor water solubility and limited oral bioavailability (22%) due to extensive first-pass metabolism. This study aimed to enhance its absorption by formulating it into a Self Micro-emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) and further converting it into a solid dosage form.
Methods: The SMEDDS was developed using Capmul MCM C8 (oil), Transcutol HP (surfactant), and Tween 80 (co-surfactant) depending on the results of solubility study. A ternary phase diagram identified the microemulsification region, while a D-optimal mixture design was used to optimize the formulation. The liquid SMEDDS was then converted into a solid powder using Aeroperl 300 as an adsorbing agent and ultimately converted into a tablet dosage form.
Result: The optimized liquid SMEDDS exhibited a droplet size of 96.71 nm, solubility of 26.2 mg/mL, and emulsification time of 41 seconds. It was subsequently adsorbed onto a porous carrier to produce a solid SMEDDS. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed that the solid particles were discrete and non-agglomerated. In-vitro drug release studies showed significantly enhanced release profiles for both liquid and solid SMEDDS compared to the marketed tablet available. The formulation also remained stable under accelerated storage conditions (45 °C ± 2 °C and 75% ± 5% RH).
Conclusion: Overall, SMEDDS effectively improved the solubility, dissolution rate, and stability of Azelnidipine. The application of D-optimal design enabled precise optimization of the formulation, supporting its potential as a promising strategy for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs
IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF NOVEL COMPOUNDS TARGETING THE SARS-COV-2 PAPAIN-LIKE PROTEASE
No full textObjective: The present study aimed to design and computationally evaluate pyrimidine-based ring derivatives as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro).
Methods: To find the binding affinity between designed compounds and papain-like protease (PLpro) was used molecular docking. Binding free energy and complex stability were verified using molecular mechanics–generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) simulations. Additionally, the QikProp tool was used to estimate the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics of substances.
Results: Docking analysis showed that compound 2 had a glide score of -5.31 kcal/mol, comparable to the co-crystal (-2.10 kcal/mol). Key interactions with Ile548, Ser549, Ala550, Arg836, Asp833 and Ser814 contributed to its stability. Binding free energy analysis revealed that compound 2 (-74.24 kcal/mol).
Conclusion: Compound 2 demonstrated potential interactions with papain-like protease (PLpro), comparable to the co-crystal. These findings suggest that compound 2 is a promising lead candidate for SARS-CoV-2 (PLpro)-targeted therapy, warranting further preclinical and biological validatio
CONFERENCE ABSTRACT BOOK
No full text"International Conference
on
“Frontiers in Medical, Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences: Translating Innovation into impact
Organized By:
Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technolog