Innovare Academic Sciences: E-Journals
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EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ZARIA METROPOLISEFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ZARIA METROPOLIS
No full textThe purpose of this study is to find the effect of drug abuse on the academic performance of secondary school students in Zaria metropolis. Drug abuse is a problem that is causing serious concern to both individuals and governments all over the world. The study has three research objective research questions. The study adapted the survey research design which analyzed opinion of respondents which cut across the 10 schools sampled in Zaria metropolis. The population of teachers is 12,440 and a sample of the study is 100 which comprises both junior and senior secondary schools. It was found out that drug abuse enhances truancy; it makes students disobey school rules and regulations and sexually assault the opposite sex. Based on the outcome of the analysis, the following recommendation was made in other to ameliorate the incidence of drug abuse among secondary school students in Zaria metropolis students who are caught abusing drugs or found to be drug addict should be punished so as to serve as deterrent to other, parent should closely monitor and guard their children so as to give them proper training that will enhance their well-being, effective counseling program should be put in place for students so that those the who have not involve themselves should be regularly guided and those who are addicted can be rehabilitated
DRUG UTILIZATION PATTERN AMONG THE PATIENTS OF LUNG CANCER IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF NEPAL
No full textObjective: Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the Nepalese population. Due to the advancement of novel drug regimens and chemotherapeutic treatment guidelines, a proper evaluation of prescriptions is mandatory to prevent unnecessary drug use, which may lead to distress and harm on patient’s health financially and increases morbidity and mortality. Hence, drug utilization study has become an important criterion to implement during the evaluation of prescription and to study the trends of prescribing by prescribers.
Methods: From March 2023 to August 2023, we included 242 adult patients who had received chemotherapy in Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital. A retrospective cross-sectional study was done to evaluate socio-demographic profile of patients and medicines prescribed using the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators.
Results: The mean age was 58.21±13.22, with 57% (n=138) of the patients being male. The average number of drugs prescribed was 9.28, and 35.95% of the prescription was with antibiotics. Cisplatin (29.34%; n=260) and 5-fluorouracil (14.05; n=34) were among the most frequently prescribed chemotherapeutic agents, and antiulcer drugs (19.23%; n=260) and nutritional supplements (17.6%; n=238) were among the most commonly prescribed adjuvant drugs. 65.49% of the drugs prescribed belonged to the essential drug list, and only 21.228% drugs were prescribed by generic name.
Conclusion: Our study revealed the presence of polypharmacy in lung cancer patients. Prescribing medicines through generic names was found to be low. All WHO prescribing parameters were deviated from the optimal value. Hence, this study suggested that an effective intervention is needed for the rational use of drugs
DEVELOPMENT AND FABRICATION OF TAPINAROF-LOADED MENTHOSOMAL GEL TO TREAT PLAQUE PSORIASIS
No full textObjective: The study aimed to develop and optimize a Tapinarof-loaded menthosomal gel for improved topical delivery in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. The objective was to enhance solubility, drug retention, skin permeation, and formulation stability using a menthol-integrated vesicular system.
Methods: Menthosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique and optimized using a 2³ factorial design to evaluate the influence of phosphatidylinositol, cholesterol, and menthol on vesicle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The optimized formulation was incorporated into a carbopol-based gel and evaluated for physicochemical properties, in vitro release, ex vivo permeation, and stability over 90 days.
Results: The optimized formulation (PF6) containing 200 mg phosphatidylinositol, 10 mg cholesterol, and 100 mg menthol demonstrated a vesicle size of 267.9±11.7 nm, zeta potential of –32.6±1.6 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 92.7±1.8%. Upon gel incorporation (MG2), the formulation showed a pH of 6.75±0.12, viscosity of 15,680±512 centipoise (cP), and drug content of 97.9±1.5%. Ex vivo permeation showed 86.4±3.0% drug permeated in 12 h with a flux of 52.15±1.98 µg/cm²/h. The gel remained stable over 6 mo under both long-term (25 °C/60% RH) and accelerated (40 °C/75% RH) conditions with acceptable changes in performance parameters meeting ICH stability criteria.
Conclusion: The menthosomal gel showed 3.2-fold higher skin permeation and 2.8-fold greater drug retention than plain gel, indicating superior dermal delivery. However, further studies on bioavailability, systemic exposure, and comparative efficacy are needed for clinical translation. In vivo evaluation is recommended for further validation
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS ON EFFECT OF LACTOBACILLUS SUPPLEMENTATION ON METHOTREXATE EFFICACY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
No full textRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by systemic inflammation and joint destruction. Methotrexate (MTX) remains the cornerstone of therapy but is often limited by variable efficacy and adverse effects. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota modulation, particularly through Lactobacillus supplementation, may enhance the efficacy of MTX via the gut–joint axis. To systematically review and analyze the impact of Lactobacillus supplementation on methotrexate efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis, focusing on inflammatory biomarkers and disease activity in both human and animal studies. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL up to June 2025 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and animal studies comparing MTX+Lactobacillus versus MTX alone. Primary outcomes included TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, CRP, and DAS28. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2.0 for RCTs and SYRCLE for animal studies. Meta-analysis employed a random-effects model. Human RCTs demonstrated significant reductions in CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6, accompanied by increased IL-10 levels and modest improvement in DAS28 (SMD –0.41). Heterogeneity was attributed to strain, dose, and duration differences. Animal studies provided mechanistic support, showing decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced anti-inflammatory markers, and improved histopathology, though findings were not pooled. Gut microbiota-targeted approaches hold promise for improving MTX response, warranting further strain-specific clinical investigations
CHARACTERIZATION OF POULTRY EGG SHELL POWDER AS TABLET MATRIX BASE
No full textObjective: The present study focused on in-depth characterization of processed poultry egg shell powder (PESP) as a natural tablet diluent and a functional matrix base.
Methods: The eggshells were processed into a fine powder with a high-speed laboratory grinder, sieved through the #60 mesh. Processed PESP was characterized in terms of micromeritics, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution by bi-laser diffraction (BLD), crystallinity by x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, functional groups identification by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), phase changing properties by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), determination of microbial load and in vitro cytotoxic study by3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) using the human adult low calcium high temperature (HaCaT) keratinocyte cell line on PESP. Prepared tablets, both placebo and drug-loaded with PESP as matrix base were studied for tableting properties.
Results: Processed poultry eggshell powder (PESP) exhibited irregular, porous particles with a median size of 208 µm, indicating good flow ability and potential for uniform compaction. X-ray diffraction confirmed high crystallinity, while FTIR analysis showed no significant interactions with standard excipients or the model drug, suggesting chemical compatibility. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed phase transitions above 110 °C, indicating thermal stability without significant decomposition. Microbial evaluation demonstrated bacterial and fungal counts within pharmacopeial limits, and in vitro MTT assays on HaCaT keratinocytes showed no detectable cytotoxicity up to 1000 µg/ml. PESP also displayed acceptable compressibility and flow, supporting its suitability as a matrix excipient for tablet formulations. Overall, these findings highlight PESP as a safe, biocompatible, and pharmaceutically promising excipient.
Conclusion: Overall, as a proof-of-concept, preliminary findings demonstrated that PESP possessed functional properties and exhibited optimal tableting properties
DOSE DEPENDENT IMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF THE HERBAL COMBINATION SAMBILOTO–GINGER–TURMERIC (SIJAKUN): AN IN VIVO STUDY ON WISTAR RATS
No full textObjective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Sijakun at different doses on key inflammatory parameters-Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), macrophage count, TNF-α, and IL-6-in an LPS-induced inflammatory model.
Methods: An experimental study was conducted using animal subjects randomly allocated into five groups: negative control, LPS-induced positive control, and three treatment groups receiving Sijakun at graded doses. Inflammatory markers were assessed post-intervention. Data were analyzed using ANOVA for normally distributed parameters and Kruskal–Wallis for non-normal data, followed by appropriate post hoc tests.
Results: Sijakun administration significantly influenced all measured parameters (p<0.05). The highest dose (500 mg/kg BW) most effectively reduced NLR, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, bringing them close to baseline control values. In contrast, the medium dose (250 mg/kg BW) optimally increased macrophage count, indicating enhanced innate immune response.
Conclusion: Sijakun exerts significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in a dose-dependent manner. A high dose (500 mg/kg BW) is most effective in suppressing systemic and cytokine-mediated inflammation, while a medium dose (250 mg/kg BW) best enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. These findings support the potential of Sijakun as a complementary herbal agent for modulating LPS-induced inflammatory responses
IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY AND WOUND HEALING EFFICACY OF BIOSYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM AGERATINA ADENOPHORA AQUEOUS STEM EXTRACT
No full textObjective: The present study was aimed to synthesize biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Ageratina adenophora (A. adenophora) aqueous stem extract and also to study its antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and enhanced wound healing properties on Vero cell line.
Methods: The biogenic AgNPs were synthesized using aqueous stem extracts of A. adenophora and were characterized using ultraviolet - visible spectroscopy, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The AgNPs were tested for their antibacterial and antifungal efficacy using the agar well diffusion method. The DPPH scavenging ability of AgNPs was studied, and MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects and wound scratch assay was performed to study the potential healing activity of biosynthesized AgNPs on Vero cells.
Results: AgNPs synthesized using A. adenophora aqueous stem extract showed good stability, with maximum absorption spectra of 450 nm. The synthesized AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape with a size range between 20 - 60 nm. The XRD indicates that the crystalline structure of AgNPs is a face-centred cubic (fcc) crystal. The AgNPs showed good stability and scavenging activity. The Vero cell line at lower concentrations display acceptable biocompatibility for AgNPs with IC50 concentration of 108.61 µg/mL, indicating concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro. The synthesised AgNPs demonstrated 57.97 % wound closure rate, indicating substantial potential for wound healing.
Conclusion: According to the results, the synthesized AgNPs using aqueous stem extract of A. adenophora has demonstrates effective wound healing potential on Vero cell lines
POTENTIAL OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: CURRENT APPROACHES AND PROSPECTS: LITERATURE REVIEW
No full textThe purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of modern anti-inflammatory treatments for schizophrenia and identify the most promising therapeutic strategies. The data on inflammatory processes are systematised based on the analysis of genetic, immunological, and neuroimaging studies, a comparative analysis of anti-inflammatory drugs is performed, and criteria for their effectiveness in various clinical manifestations of the disease are determined. The systematisation of scientific data indicates the existence of a relationship between inflammatory markers, the severity of clinical manifestations of schizophrenia, and resistance to antipsychotics. An analysis of the literature allowed us to identify the main biomarkers of neuroinflammation, which are potential predictors of the effectiveness of antipsychotic therapy. Published studies indicate potential benefits of adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapy in certain patient subgroups; however, the strength of the available evidence varies considerably, and high-quality randomized trials confirming these findings are currently lacking. The study suggests the need to integrate anti-inflammatory approaches into standard treatment protocols for schizophrenia, especially for patients with high levels of inflammatory markers, and opens up prospects for the development of personalised therapeutic strategies based on the individual inflammatory profile of the patient
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A GC-HS-FID METHOD FOR DIMETHYL SULFATE IN CLOBAZAM API: INTEGRATION OF (Q)SAR-BASED GENOTOXICITY ASSESSMENT
No full textObjective: To develop and validate a sensitive gas chromatography–headspace method with flame ionisation detection (GC–HS–FID) for trace-level quantification of dimethyl sulfate (DMS) in clobazam active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), supported by an in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship ((Q)SAR) based genotoxicity assessment in accordance with International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) M7(R1).
Methods: DMS was derivatised to anisole using phenol under alkaline conditions in a dimethylformamide–water diluent and analysed by GC–HS–FID. The method was validated in accordance with ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Mutagenicity was evaluated using VEGA (Q)SAR models within their applicability domains.
Results: The method demonstrated high specificity with no interference at the anisole retention time. Linearity was observed over the studied concentration range (R² = 0.9993). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.04 ppm and 0.12 ppm, respectively. Precision and accuracy met ICH acceptance criteria, and the method remained robust under minor variations in chromatographic conditions. In silico (Q)SAR analysis consistently predicted dimethyl sulfate as mutagenic within the applicability domain.
Conclusion: The validated GC–HS–FID method is sensitive and reliable for routine monitoring of dimethyl sulfate in clobazam API. The in silico (Q)SAR assessment corroborates its classification as a Class 1 genotoxic impurity (GTI), supporting the need for stringent control
ADVANCEMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN PSORIASIS MANAGEMENT: EXPLORING INNOVATIVE THERAPIES, DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, AND HOLISTIC APPROACHES
No full textThe fast proliferation of skin cells that results in the production of red, scaly plaques-most frequently on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back-is the hallmark of psoriasis, a chronic, non-contagious skin illness. Psoriasis is generally acknowledged to be a complex illness involving immune system dysregulation and genetic predisposition; even if it’s precise origin is still unknown. Its development and exacerbation are also significantly influenced by environmental triggers, trauma, stress, and climatic circumstances. Itching, discomfort, dry skin, joint inflammation (psoriatic arthritis), and irregular nail growth are some of the clinical manifestations of psoriasis. Patients\u27 physical, mental, social, and financial quality of life is greatly impacted by the illness, which frequently results in stigmatization, depression, and diminished capacity for day-to-day functioning. Although there are many therapeutic options available, there is no permanent cure, hence the main goals of illness management are symptom control and quality of life enhancement. Given the mounting evidence that psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease, understanding its comorbidities-such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease-is essential to provide patients with complete care. Biological therapies, phototherapy, non-biological systemic medications, and topical medicines are all used in modern treatment plans. Systemic and biologic medicines are essential for treating severe psoriasis, but topical therapies are the main choice for mild to moderate instances. These traditional treatments, however, are constrained by side effects, exorbitant expenses, and inconsistent patient reactions. Promising substitutes to improve therapeutic results are provided by the development of nano-carrier drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, phytosomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and transferosomes. These vesicular systems provide targeted, sustained drug release, improved bioavailability, and reduced systemic toxicity. Continued exploration and clinical validation of these innovative delivery platforms are crucial to overcoming the shortcomings of existing therapies and improving patient quality of life in psoriasis care