Innovare Academic Sciences: E-Journals
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BIOANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ZIFTOMENIB AND ITS APPLICATION TO PHARMACOKINETIC STUDIES USING LC-MS/MS
No full textObjectives: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved and menin inhibitor category drug of ziftomenib was used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. For the bioanalytical approach of ziftomenib, a quick and easy, exact, active, and repeatable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methodology was created, employing revumenib as an internal standard.
Methods: In this study, a symmetry C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) was used for separation. Buffer (1 ml per chloric acid in 1 lt of water) and acetonitrile (60:40% v/v) as the mobile phase combination with 1 mL/min flow rate at room temperature.
Results: The calibration curve was linear in the range of 5–200 ng/mL of ziftomenib with r2 = 0.9997. Matrix effect, accuracy, and precision results were within the acceptable limits according to the United States FDA (USFDA) requirements, we found that the drugs were stable throughout the stability trials. The validated method had effectively performed the drug’s pharmacokinetic investigations.
Conclusion: The application denotes that all the parameters of system suitability, specificity, linearity, and accuracy are in good agreement with USFDA guidelines and applied effectively for the investigation of pharmacokinetic studies in rats
RESVERATROL: A MULTIFACETED NATURAL COMPOUND WITH THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL
No full textResveratrol, a plant-derived polyphenol abundant in grapes, berries, peanuts, and red wine, has been the subject of intense scientific exploration for more than three decades. First associated with the French Paradox, it is now widely studied for its ability to influence multiple biological pathways that underlie chronic disease and aging. Experimental evidence shows that resveratrol reduces oxidative stress, modulates inflammatory cascades, improves mitochondrial function, and regulates cell survival and metabolism. Through these actions, it exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and anti-aging effects. While laboratory and animal studies provide compelling support, outcomes from human trials remain variable, reflecting challenges such as poor bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and differences in study design. Recent innovations including nanoparticle based carriers, synthetic analogs, and synergistic formulations are being developed to enhance its stability and clinical utility. Resveratrol is not a miracle cure, but rather a promising candidate for adjunct therapy, underscoring the potential of natural compounds to complement conventional medicine pending further clinical validation. Its journey underscores the need for rigorous, long-term, and well controlled clinical studies to establish effective doses, safety profiles, and therapeutic applications. By bridging traditional phytotherapy and modern translational science, resveratrol continues to inspire both researchers and clinicians in the search for holistic approaches to health and disease management
TRADITIONAL ANTIDIABETIC PLANTS IN EIGHT WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES AND PRIORITY SPECIES
No full textDiabetes mellitus is rising across West Africa, where barriers to sustained access to conventional care and strong cultural acceptability of traditional medicine drive widespread use of plant-based remedies. Ethnobotanical evidence is dispersed across countries and often reported with variable botanical verification and quantitative prioritization, limiting cross-country comparison and selection of candidate species for validation and safety monitoring. Objective of the study was to systematically synthesise ethnobotanical or ethnopharmacological studies reporting medicinal plants used to manage diabetes mellitus or hyperglycaemia in eight West African countries, and summarise commonly cited species, plant parts, preparation methods, and routes of administration. This review was conducted and reported in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidance. Searches of PubMed and Google Scholar were complemented by targeted journal or publisher website searches and backward reference screening (last search: 18 December 2025). Primary ethnobotanical or ethnopharmacological studies from eight West African countries reporting ≥1 plant used for diabetes or hyperglycaemia were eligible (English or French). Records were screened in two stages (title or abstract, then full text). Extracted data included country or setting, respondent type, sample size (if reported), antidiabetic species, plant parts, preparation or administration patterns, and priority species (e.g., highest relative frequency of citation where reported). The search yielded 512 records; after de-duplication (92 removed), 420 records were screened and 12 studies met inclusion criteria (8 countries: Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone). Across studies, a total of 8 recurrently reported antidiabetic medicinal plant species were identified. Leaves were the most commonly reported plant part and decoction was the predominant preparation method, with oral administration most frequently described. Recurrently reported candidate species across multiple settings included Azadirachta indica, Momordica charantia, Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarus, Khaya senegalensis, Garcinia kola, Citrus aurantifolia, and Tetrapleura tetraptera. Among these, Moringa oleifera was reported in 8 of the 12 studies and Azadirachta indica in 7 of 12 studies, indicating their frequent citation across countries. Where quantitative prioritization was reported, Citrus aurantifolia was highlighted as the highest-ranked species in Benin (RFC = 0.21). In conclusion the diabetes ethnomedicine of eight West African countries is characterised by reliance on leaf-based aqueous preparations, mainly decoctions or infusions, administered orally, and a recurring shortlist of priority species. Future studies should strengthen reporting (voucher specimens, quantitative indices, dosing details) and link priority plants to toxicovigilance or pharmacovigilance and staged experimental or clinical validation
Exploring Emotional Intelligence among the Secondary School Teachers
No full textEducation is the overall development of students’ personalities. The teachers play a vital role in achieving their goal. Emotionally intelligent (EI) teachers facilitate their students’ motivation, performance, innovation, teamwork, improved leadership qualities, and effective time use. Successful teachers are those who can manage their negative feelings authentically, honestly, and healthily. The present study was conducted to investigate the EI of a random sample of 240 secondary school teachers in Pudukkottai district. For this study, the investigator constructed the EI scale, which has been used to measure emotional intelligence. The collected data were analysed using the t-test. Results revealed that teachers demonstrated moderate levels of EI overall. No significant differences in EI were found by gender, school management type, school locale, or teaching discipline. The results of this study revealed that male and female teachers lack only one specific EI area: they always think about their home problems at work
RECENT ADVANCES IN NANO SPONGE TECHNOLOGY: FROM SYNTHESIS TO APPLICATIONS
No full textNanosponges (NSs) are an emerging class of advanced nanomaterials with wide-ranging applications in healthcare, environmental protection, catalysis, and sensing. Composed of polymers, inorganic compounds, or hybrid structures, they possess a large surface area, adjustable pore size, and tunable chemical properties, allowing precise adaptation to various environments. These features make them highly effective for drug delivery, pollutant adsorption, and catalytic processes. Notably, NSs exhibit exceptional drug loading efficiencies, reaching up to 98%, such as 95% for cyclodextrin-based formulations encapsulating the anticancer drug doxorubicin. Their enhanced performance is primarily due to their porous network and ability to form stable inclusion complexes with hydrophobic molecules. In environmental applications, mesoporous silica NSs have shown high efficacy in removing toxic heavy metals like chromium (VI) and lead (II) from wastewater. To achieve optimal performance, several advanced characterization techniques are employed. In Situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allows real-time visualization of structural evolution, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) provides data on crystallinity and phase transitions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) determines particle size distribution and stability, and Zeta Potential Analysis assesses surface charge interactions. Moreover, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy identifies chemical bonding and drug–carrier interactions, whereas thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) provides insights into thermal stability and composition. Ongoing research continues to refine the synthesis, functionalization, and application of nano sponges, enabling the development of more efficient, sustainable, and multifunctional nanostructures that address critical challenges in medicine, environmental remediation, and advanced materials science
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY OIL MICROSPHERE AND EVALUATING THE ACTIVITY IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
No full textObjective: Citrus maxima (Burm). Merr. (C. maxima) peel oil is traditionally used to relieve stress. Its antimicrobial, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties make it a versatile remedy. C. maxima hold immense potential in modern therapeutic applications. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate Citrus maxima microspheres for in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity.
Methods: The present study was carried out using Citrus maxima peel oil extracted and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy) was performed for complete chemical profiling. Microspheres were prepared using chitosan polymer with an emulsion chemical crosslinking approach and evaluated using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric assay, XRD (X-ray Diffraction), etc. An in vitro assay was performed using the inhibition of albumin denaturation assay and the membrane stabilisation method. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using Carrageenan-Induced paw edema.
Results: GC-MS of Citrus maxima peel oil identified limonene (69.98%), beta-myrcene (6.23%), auraptene, alpha-pinene, and linalool as significant constituents. Formulation 1 (F1) showed the highest yield (79.28%), drug loading (84.28%), and encapsulation efficiency (78.32%) and also the highest swelling index (900.2%). The in vitro release of up to 72.03% in 8 h from F1 followed Higuchi kinetics (R² = 0.9859), suggesting diffusion-controlled release. Anti-inflammatory bioassays showed significant inhibition of protein denaturation and membrane lysis comparable to Diclofenac. In vivo, F1 microspheres at 400 mg/kg suppressed paw edema by 88.24%, approaching the activity of indomethacin (94.12%), establishing enhanced and sustained anti-inflammatory activity.
Conclusion: Citrus maxima oil-loaded microspheres exhibited enhanced anti-inflammatory activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. These findings suggest promising implications for the development of plant-based, biopolymer-encapsulated formulations as effective natural anti-inflammatory therapeutics
SYNTHESIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF SOLANUM TORVUM EXTRACT-LOADED MESOPOROUS SILICA NANOPARTICLES
No full textObjective: To develop and optimize Solanum torvum extract-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) targeting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with enhanced physicochemical properties and stability for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) applications.
Methods: Mesoporous silica nanoparticles were synthesized using a modified Stöber method. The formulation was optimized using Box-Behnken design with three critical factors: CTAB amount (0.25-1.00 g), TEOS volume (5.00-10.00 ml), and stirring speed (400-600 rpm), targeting minimal particle size and most negative zeta potential. The optimized formulation was characterized for particle size, zeta potential, loading efficiency, morphology (SEM), drug-excipient compatibility (FTIR, DSC), in vitro release profile, and accelerated stability.
Results: The 2FI model demonstrated excellent predictive capability for both responses (adjusted R²=0.8640 and 0.9508 for particle size and zeta potential, respectively). Formulation SF6 (CTAB: 1g, TEOS: 7.5 ml, stirring speed: 400rpm) was identified as optimum, exhibiting spherical morphology with particle size of 110.8±2.5 nm, PDI of 0.182±0.011, zeta potential of-32.3±0.7 mV, and loading efficiency of 89.1±0.45%. The formulation showed biphasic sustained release (92.1% over 12 h) and demonstrated moderate stability under accelerated conditions with gradual parameter changes (40 °C/75%RH) for 6 mo with minimal changes in critical parameters (5% increase in particle size, 4.2% decrease in drug content) and exhibited potent antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 8 μg/ml (MRSA) and 16 μg/ml (MDR E. coli).
Conclusion: The optimized Solanum torvum extract-loaded MSNs offer a promising nanodelivery system with enhanced stability and sustained release characteristics that could potentially improve bioavailability, reduce dosing frequency, and enhance patient compliance in clinical settings. The formulation\u27s moderate stability profile, while improved compared to free extract, requires further optimization to address storage-related degradation in phytopharmaceutical development, positioning it for future translational studies toward clinical applications
THE AI REVOLUTION IN PHARMACEUTICALS: INNOVATIONS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS – AN OVERVIEW
No full textArtificial intelligence (AI) is transforming pharmaceutical research and development (R and D), and making measurable improvements in efficiency, precision, and cost-effectiveness in drug research and development. AI-enabled platforms have cut the drug discovery pipeline timelines in comparison to the traditional 4-6 y down to 46 d, along with speeding up compound screening by 1-2 y and reduced clinical trial duration by up to 59% and increased the accuracy of patient selection 80-90%. In formulation optimization artificial neural networks, neuro--fuzzy systems, and hybrid model-based AI models have been able to predict dissolution profile and critical quality attributes with accuracy rates of over 90%, with 30-50% lower experimental workload. In this review, the cross-domain evidence on the use of AI in the continuum of target identification to regulatory integration is thoroughly synthesized and critical evaluations on existing limitations which include data bias, interpretability discrepancy and regulatory ambiguity discussed. It proposes a systematized framework of integration, which places the emphasis on creating high impact pilot projects, in-the-wild testing and further monitoring or observing of models according to the instructions of FDA, EMA and EU AI Act. Synthesizing measures of quantitative values along with practical measures, the present work offers a blueprint of unambiguously converting the ideological potential of AI into implementable, regulator-compatible utilities in pharmaceutical science
TRANSDERMAL SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES OF CLOMIPHENE CITRATE FOR ENHANCED PCOS TREATMENT
No full textObjective: To develop and evaluate a novel dissolving microneedle patch containing clomiphene citrate‑loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (CC‑SLNs), aiming to enable sustained transdermal drug delivery for PCOS treatment, enhance therapeutic effectiveness, and reduce side effects linked to oral administration.
Methods: CC‑SLNs were formulated using hot homogenization and ultra-sonication and optimized via a box–behnken design targeting ideal particle size, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, and zeta potential. Microneedle patches were fabricated from biocompatible polymers (polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 400), featuring ~915 µm-high needles for effective dermal penetration. In vitro characterization assessed patch thickness, folding endurance (~300 folds), moisture uptake, and drug release kinetics. Ex vivo release studies were performed on human skin models. For in vivo evaluation, female wistar rats were randomly assigned to control (saline), oral CC, or CC‑SLN microneedle patch groups (n = 6 each). Skin irritation (erythema and edema) was monitored at 1, 24, 48, and 72 h post-application, and at 72 h, blood samples were collected for LH, FSH, and insulin resistance evaluation. Skin biopsies were obtained for histopathological analysis.
Results: SLN components were selected based on Particle size (242±11 nm), Zetapotential (25.6±0.9 mv) and PDI (0.24±0.02). Regression analysis was performed using design experts which displays the significance of p-value. Optimized batch was selected by point prediction and Batch No. 17 was selected. SEM study confirmed uniform and structurally. In vitro and ex vivo release studies demonstrated sustained drug release (~89% over 5 days in vitro; ~78% ex vivo). In vivo, the CCSLN patch delivered prolonged systemic activity, minimized hormonal fluctuations, and showed significantly reduced skin irritation and histopathological changes compared to oral administration.
Conclusion: The developed CC‑SLN microneedle patch represents a promising transdermal approach for PCOS management. It delivers clomiphene citrate in a controlled and sustained manner, enhances treatment efficacy, and offers superior safety and tolerability relative to conventional oral therapy, based on pharmacodynamics, hormonal profiles, and dermal safety in a rat model
TOPICAL LEVODOPA-CARBIDOPA EYE DROPS FOR MYOPIA CONTROL: A PILOT STUDY IN A RABBIT MODEL OF FORM-DEPRIVATION MYOPIA
No full textObjective: Dopaminergic drugs may be repurposed to modulate ocular growth. Our study aims to evaluate the safety, stability, and efficacy of a novel levodopa-carbidopa topical ophthalmic formulation for controlling myopia progression in the form-deprivation myopia (FDM) rabbit model.
Methods: A 4:1 molar ratio of levodopa to carbidopa was formulated into an eye drop with a pH of 5.8 and stored at 4 °C in light-protected glass containers. We used 14 New Zealand white rabbits, which received form-deprivation myopia induction and were divided into two groups: seven into the control group and the other seven into the intervention group, the latter receiving treatment with the prepared levodopa-carbidopa formulation. Ocular safety was assessed using a slit-lamp exam, Schirmer’s test, and behavioral observations. Efficacy was represented by axial length and refraction, with retinal tissues being harvested for ELISA quantification of dopaminergic markers.
Results: Levodopa-carbidopa formulation remained clear and stable with no visual signs of microbial contamination or degradation during the study period. No signs of ocular irritation or systemic toxicity were observed. Schirmer’s test values showed no significant difference pre-and post-treatment, proving the absence of drug-induced ocular irritation (p>0.05). Treatment with levodopa–carbidopa significantly inhibited axial elongation (18.16 mm vs. 23.12 mm, p = 0.013) and reversed myopic refractive error (4.57±1.06 vs. 2.64±1.41, p = 0.013) compared to the control group. Retinal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine receptor D2 (D2R) expression were significantly elevated in the treated group (p = 0.006 and p = 0.036, respectively), supporting enhanced dopaminergic signaling.
Conclusion: Topical levodopa–carbidopa is a stable, well-tolerated formulation that suppresses progression of myopia in a rabbit model. The therapeutic effect is associated with enhanced retinal dopamine activity. These findings further support a pharmacologic strategy for myopia control