Marine Research in Indonesia (MRI - E-Journal)
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REVIEW OF SPECIES CAULERPA AND CAULERPELLA (CHLOROPHYTA, BRYOPSIDALES) FROM VIETNAM
No full textCaulerpa and Caulerpella, the two genera belonging to the phylum Chlorophyta, order Bryopsidales distribute generously along the coast and islands of Vietnam. Based on the collected specimens, twenty-seven taxa belonging to the genus Caulerpa Lamouroux and one species of Caulerpella Prud'homme van Reine and Lokhorst are described and illustrated. The list of species includes: Caulerpa brachypus, C. cupressoides, C. fastigiata, C. lentillifera, C. mexicana, C. microphysa, C. nummularia, C. peltata, C. racemosa, C. serrulata, C. sertularioides, C. taxifolia, C. urvilliana, C. verticillata, C. webbliana and Caulerpella ambigua
EFFECT OF SALINITY AND GROWTH MEDIUM ON Symbiodinium sp. ISOLATED FROM GIANT CLAM
No full textAn experiment on isolate Symbiodinium sp. from Hippopus hippopus was carried out to determine growth medium and optimum salinity for in vitro culture of the symbiont. The split-plot factorial design with two factors was applied with 3 replications. The first factor was medium with 2 levels, namely f/2 and modified GPM. The second factor was salinity with five levels i.e. 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 PSU. All treatments were incubated under continuous light (2600 lux) and 25°C. The maximum growth was reached at day 16 and there was significant interaction (p<0.05) between medium and salinity. The maximum density (64.8 x 104cell/ml) was found in media f/2 and salinity 35 PSU
EFFECT OF POVIDONE IODINE TREATMENT ON BACTERIAL COMMUNITY ASSOCIATED WITH WHITE SHRIMP (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI) LARVAE
No full textThe efficacy of povidone iodine as a surface disinfectant was assessed in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) eggs and larvae. Eggs and nauplii were exposed to povidone iodine 20 ppm for 20 seconds. Culture-based method and Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) were used to monitor the total number of bacteria and diversity of the bacterial community associated with shrimp eggs and larva at each developmental stage. Povidone iodine reduced the total culturable bacteria, especially Vibrio, on eggs and nauplii, as well as the total bacteria in the whole community as estimated by T-RFLP results. Povidone iodine also reduced the diversity of bacterial community and altered the evenness of phylotypes distribution suggesting that the use of povidone iodine as a surface disinfectant in shrimp aquaculture should be reconsidered
THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C AND AEROMONAS VACCINE ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND DISEASE RESISTANCE OF GROUPER (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)
No full textWe evaluated the effectiveness of vitamin C and Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine in grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) for increasing immune responses and protection against A .salmonicida. The vitamin C used was polyethoxylated ascorbic and tocopherol. The vaccine was prepared from formalin-killed cells and concentrated extracellular products of a single isolate A. salmonicida. Bath immersion vitamin C and vaccine trials were conducted for 60 min. Fish used had a mean weight 25 g. Control groupers were injected with tryptic soy broth. The results showed that vitamin C enhanced phagocytic activity in head kidney leucocytes of grouper 7, 14, 28 and 36 days after treatments. A significant different of the antibody titre was found between control fish and the treated fish at 42 days after treatments. In addition, at day 42, Relative Percent Survival (RPS) for control group was 53.3 %, vitamin C-treated group was 80.0 % and vaccinated group was 90.0 %. The results of this study suggest that bath immersion of vitamin C provided an increasing of phagocytic activity (non-specific immune responses), titre antibody (specific immune responses) and protection against A. salmonicida infection in grouper. A. salmonicida vaccine also en-hanced titre antibody and protection against A. salmonicida infection in grouper
THE SUBTROPICAL LOWER WATER BETWEEN THE PHILIPPINES AND IRIAN (NEW GUINEA)
No full textOceanographic observations are published, taken by the research vessel Siboela in 1949 at 57 stations in the Celebes Sea and around Halmahera. Basing on these observations, an analysis is made of the Subtropical Lower Water (salinity-Maximum) in this region and is compared with the observations of the Snellius and the Dana in 1929. The distribution of the oxygen content allows a distinction of the Lower Water into a northern and a southern water type, which regions of origion are situated in 23°N between 165°E and 165°W and in 15°S between 120° and 150°W respectively. It is shown that the temperature of the salinity maximum in 1949 is 1.4° higher and the salinity 0.11‰ lower than in 1929. The topography of the salinity maximum, which lies in about 100 to 200 m, is closely correlated with the surface currents
MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF SECONDARY METABOLITE-PRODUCING MARINE MICROORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH INDONESIAN REEF'S INVERTEBRATES
No full textThe metabolites from microorganisms are a rapidly growing field, due to the suspicion that a number of metabolites obtained from reef's invertebrates are produced by associated microorganisms. Less than 2% of microbial flora has been successfully isolated from marine environment. Coral reefs are the most diverse marine ecosystems, however, little is known about the microbial diversity in these ecosystems. It is expected that still quite a few parts of unexplored culturable invertebrate-associated microorganisms exists in the reef environments. The present study aimed at estimating the biodiversity of secondary metabolite-producing microbes associated with reef's invertebrates such as coral, soft coral and sponge collected from geographically different areas
MONITORING OF BUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS OF THE PHILIPPINES
No full textThis article provides a comprehensive review of the contamination by Butyltin compounds (BTs) and its possible implications on the marine and coastal environments of the Philippines. Butyltin compounds were detected in mussels from all the sampling locations investigated as part of the monitoring surveys under the Asia-Pacific Mussel Watch (APMW) Program conducted in the late 1990s. BTs were detected in green mussels collected from all the aquaculture sites in the country, suggestive of considerable widespread pollution by BTs in the coastal waters. Among BTs, TBT was detected at all locations at relatively higher concentrations, whereas the concentrations of DBT and MBT were lower. This could be indicative that green mussels have limited ability of metabolize TBT to DBT and MBT. In addition, this result may be suggestive of fresh TBT inputs into the aquatic environments and the presence of recent sources along the coastal waters. Concentrations of 0 BT in green mussels were reported up to 790 ng/g wet weight in a site where intensive maritime activities are occurring. Mussels from rural areas contained TBT at lower proportions indicating that TBT usage as antifouling agents is minimal. Tolerable average residue level (TARL) for seafood in the Philippines was estimated at 173 ng/g wet weight for an average person weighing 60kg. Concentrations of TBT or the sum of TBT and DBT in some green mussels analysed revealed that some values exceeded TARL level, which could suggest that humans consuming this seafood from areas with high BTs contamination could be at risk from elevated exposure to BTs. Similarly, BTs were detected in all the skipjack tuna collected, suggestive of the widespread contamination even in offshore waters and open seas on a global scale. Skipjack tuna collected from the offshore waters of the Philippines revealed considerable levels (up to 220 ng/g wet weight), with high percentages of BTs in total tin (0Sn: inorganic tin + organic tin) in the liver tissues. This finding seems to suggest that the anthropogenic BTs represent the major source of Sn accumulation in skipjack tuna. On the other hand, relatively low concentrations of BTs were found in the liver of cetaceans from the coastal waters of the Philippines, which ranged 42-98 ng/g wet weight. Significantly lower hepatic BT concentrations in cetaceans in tropical waters were noted compared with those inhabiting temperate waters proximal to developed nations. This result could imply smaller usage of BTs in the Philippines at least at the present
SURFACE SALINITIES IN THE STRAIT OF MALACCA
No full textA continuous northwest-going current prevails in the Strait of Malacca throughout the year, except June and August, when the currents are very weak and sometimes reversed in the .southern part. The southern part of the Strait of Malacca is influenced by the currents. These currents transport low saline water into the Strait during the southwest monsoon and high saline water from the South China Sea during the northeast monsoon. In the northern part, the rainfall is of greater importance for the variations of the surface salinity and a strong correlation between rainfall and surface salinities is found in this region. It is unlikely that Indian Ocean water penetrates the South China Sea
NOTES ON THE TEREBRALIA PALUSTRIS (GRASTROPODA) FROM THE CORAL ISLANDS IN THE JAKARTA BAY AREA
No full textA dense population of Terebralia palustris occurs in many coral islands in the Jakarta Bay area, living usually in association with mangrove communities. A preliminary study on this gastropod has been carried out in two islands, Pulau Rambut and Pulau Burung, which concerned with population density and structure, length-weight relationship, rate of growth, and the effect of prolonged desiccation and starvation. Analyses were made on the properties of the substrate including soil component, organic matter content, pH, salinity, and daily temperature fluctuation at the soil's surface.No less than 130 specimens per square meter were counted in the most densely populated place in Pulau Rambut. The length frequency distribution showed a bimodal histogram, and the length-weight relationship was represented by the following equation: W = 0.00024 L2'5534 where : W = dry weight in gram; L = length in milimeter.A number of young individuals were confined in a fenced area for growth study. During the first four-month they gained an average additional length of 10 mm. Out of water and starved this gastropod may survive for three months
CONCENTRATION AND FLUX OF ATMOSPHERIC SURFACTANTS FROM COASTAL WATERS
No full textThis study tries to determine the concentration of sea surface microlayer from different coastal environments (Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan and Perhentian Island, Terengganu). The concentration of surfactants in both sea surface microlayer and atmospheric aerosols were analysed by using colorimetric method as methylene blue active substances (MBAS) and diethyl violet active substances (DBAS). The results indicated that the concentration of surfactants as MBAS (0.421 +/- 0.040 imol l-1) and DBAS (0.294 +/- 0. 123 imol l-1) were still at the natural concentration level. The flux of surfactants from sea surface microlayer is expected around 2.3 Mmol yr-1 compared to the amount of 1300 Mmol yr-1 surfactants in atmospheric aerosols around marine ecosystem