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Aktivitas Larvisida Minyak Atsiri Rimpang Kunyit Putih (Curcuma zedoaria) terhadap Larva Aedes aegypti
Full text linkAbstrak Rimpang kunyit putih (Curcuma zedoaria) mempunyai zat aktif berupa minyak atsiri yang selama ini diduga berpotensi sebagai larvisida. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya bunuh minyak atsiri rimpang kunyit putih terhadap larva Ae. aegypti instar IV. Variasi konsentrasi yang digunakan adalah 15,2 ppm, 30,3 ppm, 60,5 ppm, 121 ppm, 242 ppm serta kontrol positif (temefos 1%) dan kontrol negatif (CMC Na 1%) dengan empat kali replikasi untuk tiap perlakuan. Minyak atsiri didapatkan melalui metode destilasi uap. Hasil pengamatan selama 24 jam untuk menguji aktivitas minyak atsiri sebagai larvisida diuji dengan Anava, diperoleh nilai p = 0,000, artinya terdapat perbedaan jumlah kematian larva yang bermakna pada dua kelompok. Analisis Post-Hoc (LSD) menunjukkan ada perbedaan jumlah kematian larva antara perlakuan pada kelompok kontrol positif dengan semua perlakuan pada berbagai tingkat konsentrasi minyak atsiri rimpang kunyit putih (p<0,05). Demikian juga perlakuan pada kelompok kontrol negatif, terdapat perbedaan bermakna dengan semua perlakuan pada berbagai tingkat konsentrasi minyak atsiri rimpang kunyit putih (p<0,05). Hasil uji analisis probit menunjukkan bahwa pada konsentrasi 54,5 ppm mengakibatkan kematian 50% populasi larva uji. Kesimpulannya bahwa minyak atsiri rimpang kunyit putih berpotensi sebagi larvisida nyamuk Ae. aegypti. Kata kunci: minyak atsiri rimpang kunyit putih, larva Ae. aegypti
Abstract White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) has an active substance in the form of volatile oils that have been alleged potential as larvacide. This was an experimental study aimed to determine the white turmeric rhizome volatile oils’ activity against the in star 4 larvae Aedes aegypti. The concentrations used were 15.2 ppm, 30.3 ppm, 60.5 ppm, 121 ppm, 242 ppm. Furthermore, a positive control (temefos 1%) and negative control (CMC Na 1%) with 4 times replication for each treatment were applied. White turmeric volatile oil was obtained by steam distillation method. The observation for 24 hours to test the volatile oils’ activity as larvicide were tested with Anava. The p value = 0.000 was obtained, which means at least there was difference of larvae mortality in the two groups. The results post-hoc analysis (LSD) showed that there were differences in the number of dead larvae between the treatments in the positive control group to all various levels treatment of white turmeric rhizome volatile oil concentration (p<0.05). Then, the treatment of negative control group showed significant differences in all various levels treatment of white turmeric rhizome essential oil concentration (p<0.05). Probit analysis of the test results showed that white turmeric rhizome volatile oil at the concentration of 54.5 ppm could result in the death of 50% population of test larvae. It could be concluded that the white turmeric volatile oil could be used as potential larvicide to eradicate Ae. aegypti mosquito. Hence, to destroy the dengue hemorrhagic fever disease vector. Keywords: white turmeric rhizome essential oil, Ae. aegypti larva
Hubungan antara Status Gizi Balita dengan Pendidikan dan Pekerjaan Orang tua
Full text linkAbstrak Ribuan balita di Nusa Tenggara Timur, wilayah Indonesia bagian Timur, masih mengalami kekurangan gizi. Dampak dari kekurangan gizi pada balita dapat memperlambat pertumbuhan fisik yang terlihat pada pemeriksaan antropometri seperti tinggi badan, berat badan, lingkar lengan atas, lingkar kepala, lingkar dada dan jaringan lunak. Selain itu juga dapat menghambat perkembangan mental, kecerdasan dan akan meningkatkan angka kesakitan serta kematian. Berdasarkan penelitian cross sectional selama Januari–Juni 2008 di Desa Billa Kecamatan Timur Tengah Selatan, dari 100 anak balita yang diperiksa status gizinya ditemukan 34 diantaranya kurang gizi (34%) dan 16 gizi buruk (16%). Faktor faktor penyebab gizi buruk bermacam macam. Penelitian telah dilakukan untuk melihat apakah faktor pendidikan ayah dan faktor pendidikan ibu memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian anak anak mereka yang mengalami status gizi buruk. Selain itu, juga telah diteliti hubungan pekerjaan ayah dan pekerjaan ibu dengan anak mereka. Hasil penelitian membuktikan ada hubungan antara pendidikan dan pekerjaan orang tua dengan status gizi buruk anak mereka. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, maka balita gizi kurang dan gizi buruk tersebut harus segera ditanggulangi agar tidak terjadi generasi yang hilang di bumi Indonesia. Kata kunci: Balita, Antropometri, gizi kurang, gizi buruk
Abstract Thousands of toddlers in East Nusa Tenggara, the Eastern part of Indonesia, still suffer from malnutrition. The malnutrition condition retard the toddlers’physical growth, which could be detected on the anthropometry measurement, such as the height, weight, length of the upper body, size of the head, size of the chest and soft tissue, This condition even affect the development of the brain and mentality. Furthermore, intelligent is also affected. Then, the risk of infection increased and the death rate augment. These data are based on the research done between January and June 2008 in the village of Billa, a district of East Nusa Tenggara. Out of 100 toddlers studied, 34 of them were under nourished (34%) and 16 were in critical malnourished (16%). There are varies factors cause malnourishment. A research was done to investigate whether there is a correlation between the mothers and the fathers’ education with the percentage of malnourished infants. In addition, an investigation was done to study the correlation between mothers and fathers’ occupation with the malnourishment condition of their toddlers. The result showed a correlation between the parents education and occupation to their malnourished infants. Based on this research the under nutrition toddlers and the malnourished need to be handled soon, in order to avoid a lost Indonesian generation. Key words: toddlers, anthropometry, undernourished, malnourishe
Terapi Farmakologis Pada Alopesia Androgenetika
No full textAbstrak
Alopesia androgenetika (AA) atau male pattern-hair loss merupakan kelainan yang tidak berbahaya namun dapat mempengaruhi penderitanya secara psikologis. Kelainan itu juga dapat mempengaruhiintegritas kulit kepala karena rambut melindungi kulit kepala dari sengatan panas matahari, suhu dingin,cedera mekanis, dan sinar ultraviolet. Alopesia androgenetika merupakan kelainan progresif yang bergantung pada honnondihidrotestosteron dan adanya predisposisi genetik. Hingga saat ini patofisiologi AA belum sepenuhnya dimengerti. Pilihan terapi AA yang tersedia saat ini meliputi farmakoterapi, transplantasi rambut, danalat bantu kosmetik. Minoksidil dan finasteride merupakan dua obat yang diakui FDA untuk terapi AA, keduanya terbukti efektif dan aman digunakan dalamjangka panjang. Pemahaman proses penyakitdan kemampuan serta keterbatasan masing-masing pilihan terapi penting dalam membantu penderira mencapai hasil yang realistis. Makalah ini akan membabas patofisiologi, epidemiologi, manifestasiklinis, diagnosis dan farmakoterapi AA. Hal-ha! tersebut penting untuk diketabui karena kelainan ini sering dijumpai dan mudah didiagnosis serta dapat diterapi secara efektif.
Kata kunci: alopesia androgenetika, kebotakan, farmakoterapi, finasteride, minoksidil.
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) known as common male baldness or male pattern-hair loss is recognizedas harmless medical condition, it could affect individual psychologically. It also harm the scalp becausehair protects the scalp against sunburn, cold, mechanical injury, and ultraviolet light. As a progressive condition, AGA depended on the presence of the dihydrotestosterone and genetic predisposition, butits pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated. At present, pharmacotherapy, hair transplantation,and cosmetic aids have been used to manage male pattern baldness. US Food and Drug Administrationapproved two hair loss pharmacotherapies, the potassium channel opener, minoxidil and the dihydrotestosterone synthesis inhibitor, finasteride. They proved to be safe and effective in long-termdaily use against AGA. Regardless of which treatment; modality is chosen, defining and addressingthe patient\u27s expectations regarding therapy are paramount in determining the outcome. This article discusses the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapyfor androgenetic alopecia, since this medical condition can be easily recognized and managed effectivelyby general physicians.
Keywords: androgenetic alopecia, male pattern-hairless, pharmacotherapy, finasteride, minoxidil
Pneumotoraks pada Bayi yang Terinfeksi HIV
No full textAbstrak
Departemen Kesehatan memperkirakan bahwa setiap hari sepuluh bayi terlahir dengan HIV. Kesehatan bayi tersebut paling rentan pada tahun pertama kehidupannya, dan kemungkinan sepertiganya meninggal dunia sebelum berusia satu tahun, umumnya tanpa didiagnosis HIV.
Seorang bayi berusia dua bulan dirujuk ke RSU FK UKI dengan diagnosis dugaan infeksi HIV disertai pneumotoraks dan pneumonia. Pasien tampak sakit berat, sesak, pemafasan cepat dan dalam dan terdapat nafas cuping hidung. Pemasangan water shield drainage (WSD) dilakukan untuk mengatasi pneumotoraks dan didapatkan perbaikan keadaan umum yang ditandai dengan sesak yang berkurang, frekuensi nafas yang reguler dan adekuat, nafas cuping hidung tidak ada. Dari hasil laboratorium didapatkan HIV- IRNA positif, virus terdeteksi 1.15 ×106 kopi/ml, CD4 36 cell/µL (0%) dengan kesan limfosit T helper tidak terdeteksi. Dari anamnesis yaitu riwayat kelahiran bayi dan ibu merupakan penderita HIV, manifetasi klinis, hasil foto toraks dan hasil laboratorium, pasien didiagnosis menderita HIV-AIDS dengan infeksi oportunistik pneumonia dan pneumotoraks. Untuk mengatasi infeksi oportunistik, diberikan terapi kotrimoksazol 2 ×½ cth, metronidazol 185 mg dan meropenem 2× 40 mg. Setelah perawatan selama 20 hari didapatkan perbaikan pasien secara klinis dan pasien diperbolehkan pulang. Namun pasien tidak mendapat terapi antiretroviral (ARV) karena kondisi keluarga yang tidak mendukung. Diagnosis dini, pencegahan infeksi oportunistik dengan kotrimoksazol, dan terapi ARV bila dibutuhkan, memberi harapan anak yang terinfeksi HIV dapat bertahan hidup sampai tua seperti dengan orang dewasa.
Kata kunci : HIV pada anak, diagnosis, terapi
Abstract
The Department of Health made estimation that ten Indonesian babies are born with HIV every day. In the first year ; they are very fragile and it is possible that one third of them will die before they reachthe age of one, usually without HIV diagnosis. A two-year-old baby was pointed to FK UKI \u27s hospital with diagnosis of suspect HIV, pneumothorax and pneumonia. He suffered from dyspnoe, extended breathing and suprasternal, intercostals and epigastrium retraction. A water shield drainage (WSD) was applied. His general condition improved which could be seen in the reducing of dyspnoe. Furthermore, his respiratory rate tends to be normal. The laboratory result was HJV-1 RNA positive1. 15 x I 06 kopi/ml, CD4 36 cells/µ/ (0%) and it seemed that lymphocyteT helper could not be detected. The anamnesis suggested that the baby and the mother was HIV positive. These patients then werediagnosed as HIV-AIDS with opportunistic pneumothorax and pneumonia infection due to the clinical manifestation, the thorax image as well as the laboratory result finding. To overcome the opportunistic infection Cotrimoxazole 2 × ½ cth, metronidazole 185 mg, meropenem 2 × 40 mg and paracetamol 4× 40 mg was given. After twenty days treatment, there was clinically improvement and the patients were allowed to go home. However; the patient did not get antiretroviral (ARV) therapy due to their family condition which could not support it. Finally, the children with HJ V could survive till theirmature age as far as early diagnosis, prevention of opportunistic infection with cotrimoxazole and ARV therapy is applied.
Key words : Children with HIV, diagnostic, therap
Apoptosis Neuronal pada Penyakit Neurodegeneratif
No full textAbstrak
Selama dekade terakhir, penelitian mengenai mekanisme apoptosis yang kompleks pada kerusakan sel saraf akut maupun kronik telah mengalami banyak kemajuan. Mekanisme apoptosis yang terdiri atas berbagai jalur telah banyak dimengerti, hal itu membuka kemungkinan untuk menginhibisi jalur tersebut untuk membatasi kerusakan yang diakibatkan kematian sel. Selain trauma saraf akut dan iskemia, penyakit neurodegeneratif kronik seperti Alzheimer, Huntington, Parkinson, dan Lou-Gehrig (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ALS) juga menarik perhatian mengingat kesamaan proses yang terjadi yakni apoptosis neuronal.
Kata kunci: kematian sel terprogram, neuronal, kaspase, proses neurodegenerasi.
Abstract
Neuronal Apoptosis in Neurodegenerative Disease during the last decade, the investigation of complicated apoptotic mechanisms in the acute and chronic neuronal cells injury have been improved significantly. The understanding of apoptosis events and its regulation indicate a possible alternate pathway to inhibit the neuronal cells· death. Beside the acute neuronal trauma and ischemia, chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig s disease) are of particular interestdue to the same cause of neuronal apoptosis underlying the diseases. This article will deal with the basic mechanisms of neuronal apoptosis of the above-mentioned disorders. Furthermore, the potential as well as the limitation in clinical applications will be discussed. Finally, this article will also discuss potential implications for the neuronal degenerative diseases future studies.
Keywords : programmed cell death, neuronal, caspases, neurodegeneration
Obat Keras Tanpa Resep Dokter yang Termasuk Obat Wajib Apotik
No full textAbstrak
Hasil penelitian Departemen Kesehatan RI tentang perilaku masyarakat terbadap timbulnya gejala penyakit dan pengobatan, menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar masyarakat mengobati dirinya denganmemakai obat bebas. Hal itu menjadi dasar kebijakan pemerintah (Departernen Kesehatan) dalam membina kesehatan masyarakat pada umumnya. Dalam rangka meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakatmelakukan pengobatan sendiri, Menteri Kesehatan pada tanggal 16 Juli 1990 menetetapkan beberapa obat golongan obat keras yang dapat diserahkan langsung oleb apoteker di apotik tanpa resep dokter(Obat Wajib Apotik). Kebijakan itu tertuang dalarn surat Keputusan Mentcri Kesehatan Nomor 347/MenKes/S.K./VII/1990. Obat yang terdapat dalam Daftar Obat Wajib Apotik (DOWA) padaumurnnya digunakan untuk penyakit yang tidak berbahaya. Apoteker sebagai tenaga inti dan sebagai pengelola apotik harus memahami masalab obat yang terdapat dalam DOWA sehingga dapat membensaran bagi masyarakat yang ingin melakukan pengobatan diri sendiri. Tujuan membuat tulisan ini untuk menjelaskan tentang obat wajib apotik dilihat dari penggolongan obat, mekanisme kerja, indikasi, danefek samping obat.
Kata kunci: Pengobatan sendiri, obat keras, obat wajib apotik Pharmaceutically Obligatory Drug List
Abstract
Results of research conducted by the Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia regarding behaviorof community on the incidence of diseases by consuming free drugs. This fact has become the basisof governmental policy (Ministry of Health) in improving community\u27s health in general. In order todevelop community\u27s capability in performing self-treatment, Minister of Health of Republic ofIndonesia, on July 16th, 1990, specified some types of high-dosage drugs which may directly beadministered by pharmacist in the pharmacy without prescription by physician (Pharmaceutically Obligatory Drugs). This policy is specified in the Decree of Minister of Health Number347/MenKes/S.K.Vll/1990. Some drugs registered in the Pharmaceutically Obligatory Drug List(DOWA) are generally used for not serious diseases. Pharmacists, as the main personnel and managerof pharmacy should understand the drugs registered in the DOWA so that they may provide suggestions to the people who wish to perform self-treatment. The purpose of this paper is to provide explanationregarding the pharmaceutically obligatory drugs, viewed from the classification of drugs, work mechanism,indication and side effects of the drugs.
Keywords: Self-treatment, high-dosage drugs, pharmaceutically obligatory drugs
Etiologi dan Patogenesis Limfangioleiomiomatosis
No full textAbstract
LAM stands for lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a progressive lung disease which affects women of all races. Usually the disease manifested during their reproductive age. Pathologically, it is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of immature smooth muscle-like cells that grow aberrantly in the lung pulmonary airway, parenchyma, lymphatics, and blood vessels. The relentless growth of LAM cells leads to respiratory failure and death. lymphangioleiomyomatosis lesions are generated by the proliferation of LAM cells with mutations of one of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes. LAM is a rare disease and often goes misdiagnosed as asthma, emphysema, and pulmonary bronchitis. Recent studies indicate that LAM cells can migrate or metastasize to form new lesions in multiple organs. Although they show amorphologically benign appearance. Scientists estimate that there could be 300000 LAM patients worldwide. Recent progress has been made in understanding more about pathogenesis of LAM and facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets, aimed at abrogating the aberrant cellular proliferation characteristic of LAM.
Keywords: lymphuugloleiomyomatosis; progressive lung disease; abnormal proliferation; immature smooth muscle-like cell
Oogenesis dan Spermatogenesis Pada Mamalia
No full textAbstrak
Oogenesis adalah proses pembentukan ovum dari sel benih dalam ovariurn sedangkan spermatogenesis adalah proses pembentukan spermatozoon dalam testis. Pada mamalia terdapat perbedaan utama dalamcara menghasilkan ovum dan spermatozoon melalui proses oogenesis dan spermatogenesis. Pada perempuan, oogonia hanya berproliferasi pada fetus, kernudian rncmasuki meiosis sebelum lahir, danmeiosis tersebut berhenti pada profase meiotic pertama sebagai oosit, dan dapat tetap dalam kondisi seperti itu sampai usia 50 tahun. Oosit individual matang dari stok tersebut diovulasikan dalam selangwaktu tertentu, umumnya satu ovum setiap satu siklus, dimulai pada saat pubertas. Pada laki-Iaki, sangat berbeda, meiosis dan spermatogenesis dimulai pada saat pubertas dan kemudian berlanjut secarakontinu di dalam lapisan epitelial tubulus seminiferus testis. Sel benih yang belum matang atauspermatogonia, yang terletak di sebelah luar dan berdekatan dengan lamina basalis tubulus seminiferus,berproliferasi kontinu melalui mitosis. Beberapa sel tcrsebut berhenti berproliferasi, dan kemudianberdiferensiasi menjadi spermatosit primer. Sel tersebut berada pada stadium profase meiotik pertama,kemudian melanjutkan pembelahan pertama meiosis, dan menghasilkan dua spermatosit sekunder. Duaspermatosit sekunder kemudian memasuki pembelahan meiotik II, dan menghasilkan empat spermatid.Keempat spermatid ini kemudian mengalami diferensiasi morfologis menjadi sperma yang kemudianmasuk ke lumen tubulus seminiferus. Persamaan di antara oogenesis dan spermatogenesis adalah keduanya melibatkan mitosis dan meiosis.
Kata kunci: gamet; pembelahan sel: mitosis; meiosis.
Abstract
Oogenesis is a formation process of female garnets from the female\u27s germ cell in the ovary, whereas spermatogenesis is a formation process of male garnets from the male\u27s germ cell in the testis.Thereis a major difference in the way of mammal producing ovum and spermatozoon. In the human females,the immature germ cells, oogonia proliferate only in the fetus, beginning meiosis before birth. In thefirst meitotic prophase they become oocytes, which they may remain for up to 50 years. Individualoocytes mature from this strictly limited stock and are ovulated at intervals, generally one at a time ora cycle, beginning at puberty. In the contrary, the human male’s meiosis and spermatogenesis do notbegin in the testes until puberty and then go on continuously in the epithelial lining of seminiferoustubules. The immature germ cells, spermatogonia, are located around the outer edge of these tubes next to the basal lamina, where they continuously proliferate by mitosis. Some of these cells stopproliferating and begin to differentiate into primary spermatocytes. These cells begin the first meitoticprophase, and then proceed with the first division of meiosis to produce two secondary spermatocytes. Then the two secondary spermatocytes proceed through the second meiotic division to produce fourspermatids. Finally, the spermatids undergo the morphological differentiation into sperm
which escape into the lumen of seminiferous tubule. The similarities between oogenesis and spermatogenesis arethat both have mitosis and meiosis.
Key words: gametes; cell division; mitosis; meiosi
Meningkatkan Aktivitas Kolaboratif dan Pemahaman Konsep Mahasiswa pada Perkuliahan Fisika Dasar I melalui Lesson Study
Full text linkThis study aimed to increase students’s collaborative activity and conceptual understanding in Fundamental Physics I course through the implementation of lesson study in two parallel classes. Each lesson study cycle consisted of three stages, started with planning a lesson, teaching and observing the lesson, and reflecting the result, for the first class. After that, revising the lesson plans to be implemented in the second class. The results showed that students’s collaborative activities and conceptual understanding for the two classes increased from cycle I – cycle III. The average scores of first class’ collaborative activity from cycle I - cycle III were 72.0, 75.8, and 81.6, respectively while for the second class were 73.4, 78.8, and 82.6. Moreover, the average conceptual understanding for the first class from cycle I - cycle III were 42.7, 58.8, and 66.2, respectively, while the second class were 48.5, 65.5, and 66.1. The results also showed that the average collaborative activities and understanding the concept of second grade students tended to be better than students of the first class