Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (JEPH)
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Risk Factors of Leptospirosis in Klaten, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Leptospirosis a global public health issue, particullary in tropical and sub-tropical countries with high precipitation. WHO has estimated that the annual of Leptospirosis is 0.1 to 1 case/100,000 population in moderate non-endemic area, and 10 to 100 cases/100,000 population in humid and tropical endemic areas. Currently, Indonesia is a tropical country with the highest fatality rate of leptospirosis, ranging from 2.5% to 16.45% with an average of 7.1%. It places Indonesia as the third country with the highest mortality attibutable to Leptospirosis. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors of Leptospirosis in Klaten, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with case control design. The study was conducted in Klaten, Central Java, from October to November, 2017. A sample of 49 Leptospirosis cases and 101 non-diseased controls were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The independent variable were employment status, history of cuts, history of water excursion, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), house condition, environmental condition, presence of mouse or cattle, history of rain or flood. The dependent variable was Leptospirosis. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of Leptospirosis increased with history of cuts (b= 1.64; CI 95%= 0.40 to 2.87; p= 0.009), history of water excursion (b= 1.98; CI 95%= 0.52 to 3.43; p= 0.008), poor house condition (b= -1.92; CI 95%= -3.08 to -0.77; p= 0.001), and poor environmental condition (b= -2.35; CI 95%= -3.48 to -1.23; p<0.001). History of cuts increased with cattle-related work (b= 1.79; CI 95%= 0.86 to 2.72; p<0.001) and absence of PPE (b= -2.54; CI 95%= -3.49 to -1.60; p<0.001).Conclusion: The risk of Leptospirosis increases with history of cuts, history of water excursion, poor house condition, and poor environmental condition. History of cuts increases with cattle-related work and absence of PPE.Keywords: risk factor, LeptospirosisCorrespondence: Maya Sofiyani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected] of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(1): 11-24https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.01.02
Socioeconomic, Environmental, and Behavioral Determinants of Leprosy in Kediri, East Java
Get PDFBackground: Leprosy remains a major public health problem in the world, particularly in developing countries. Leprosy can be so progressive that damages skin, nerve, extremity, and eye organs of the affected patients. Cumulative incidence of leprosy amounted to 200,000 cases worldwide, with the highest incidences occuring in India, Brazil, and Indonesia. This study sought to examine the social economic, environmental, and behavioral determinants of leprosy in Kediri, East Java, using path analysis approach.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted at Leprosy Hospital, Kediri, East Java, from November to December 2017. A total sample of 150 study subjects consisting of 75 leprosy patients and 75 non-diseased subjects were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was leprosy. The independent variables were personal hygiene, education, employment status, family income, dwelling density, humidity, and migration. Data on leprosy diagnosis was taken from medical record. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of leprosy increased with poorer personal hygiene (b= -1.20; 95% CI= -1.92 to -0.49; p=0.001), higher humidity (b= 0.73; 95% CI= 0.33 to 1.43; p=0.040), and migration (b= 0.94; 95% CI= 0.14 to 1.74; p= 0.022). Being employed status increased family income (b= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.72 to 2.11; p< 0.001). Low family income increased the likelihood of migration (b= -14; 95% CI= -1.71 to -3.19; p= 0.007) and dwelling density (b= -1.02; 95% CI= -1.71 to -0.32; p=0.004). Higher education level increased the likelihood of being employed (b= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.72 to 2.11; p< 0.001) and better personal hygiene (b= 1.15; 95% CI= 0.44 to 1.85; p= 0.001). Dwelling density increased the likelihood of humidity (b= 4.29; 95% CI= 3.22 to 5.37; p< 0.001).Conclusion: Migration, higher humidity, and poorer personal hygiene directly increase the risk of leprosy. Education, employment status, family income, and dwelling density indirectly affect the risk of leprosy. Keywords: Leprosy, social economic, environmental, personal hygieneCorrespondence: Anindita Hasniati Rahmah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected] of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(2): 253-262https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.02.05
Path Analysis: Psychososial and Economic Factors Affecting Diarrhea Incidence in Children Under Five in Jayapura, Papua
Get PDFBackground: Diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition and death in children under five. Studies have shown that there are some factors contributing to the incidence of diarrhea in infants. This study aimed to examine the psychosocial and economic factors affecting diarrhea incidence in children under five in Jayapura, Papua.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in North Jayapura Subdistrict, Papua, in February 2018. A sample of 200 children under five was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 100 children with diarrhea and 100 children without diarrhea. The dependent variable was diarrhea. The independent variables were maternal education, family income, exclusive breastfeeding, nutritional status, personal hygiene, and environmental sanitation. The data were collected by questionnaire. Path analysis was employed for data analysis in Stata 13.Results: The risk of diarrhea increased with poor personal hygiene (b= -1.04; 95% CI= -1.75 to -0.33; p= 0.004), poor environmental sanitation (b= -1.90; 95% CI= -2.59 to -1.21; p<0.001), poor nutritional status (b= -1.27; 95% CI= -2.02 to -0.52; p= 0.001). The risk of diarrhea was indirectly affected by exclusive breastfeeding, maternal education, and family income.Conclusion: The risk of diarrhea increases with poor personal hygiene, poor environmental sanitation, poor nutritional status, and indirectly affected by exclusive breastfeeding, maternal education, and family income.Keywords: psychosocial factor, economic factor, diarrhea, children under fiveCorrespondence
Individual and Environmental Risk Factors of Tuberculosis: A New Evidence from Ponorogo, East Java
Get PDFBackground: For centuries, TB has been linked anecdotally with environmental risk factors that go hand-in-hand with poverty: indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke, malnutrition, ove
Path Analysis on Life Course Factors Affecting Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 2 to 5 Years Old in Surakarta
Get PDFBackground: Globally, prevalence of obesity in children under 5 years old has been increasing from 32 million in 1990 to 42 million in 2014. Indonesia ranks highest in the number of obesity cases in South East Asia with prevalence of 11.5% in 2013. However, child overweight and obesity have not been the focus of health problems in Indonesia. Early intervention and prevention of child obesity can reduce long-term risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. This study aimed to analyze the life course factors affecting overweight and obesity in children aged 2 to 5 years old in Surakarta.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted in 5 community health centers, Surakarta, from September to October, 2017. A total sample of 150 children aged 2 to 5 years old was selected using fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was overweight or obesity. The independent variables were nutrition intake, exclusive breastfeeding, starting age of complementary feeding, physical activity, birthweight, age of gestation, sectio cesarea labor, maternal body mass index, and maternal job. Physical activity data was measured using Pre PAQ questionnaire. Other data were collected using a set of questionnaire and maternal and child health monitoring book. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: Overweight and obesity in children aged 2 to 5 years old were positively affected by over nutrition intake (b= 1.9; 95% CI= 0.15 to 3.60; p=0.033), high maternal body mass index (b= 2.0; 95% CI= 0.51 to 3.42; p=0.008), and sectio cesarean birth (b= 2.1; 95% CI= 0.56 to 3.73; p=0.008). Overweight and obesity in children aged 2 to 5 years old were negatively affected by normal birthweight (b= -2.2; 95% CI= -4.28 to -0.19; p=0.032), exclusive breastfeeding (b= -2.0; 95% CI= -3.60 to -0.39; p=0.015), timely starting age of complementary feeding (b= -1.3; 95% CI= -2.80 to 0.11; p=0.072), and high physical activity (b= -3.0; 95% CI= -4.63 to -1.37; p=0.001). Birthweight was positively affected by age of gestation (b= 4.2; 95% CI= 1.99 to 6.32; p=0.001) and was negatively affected by maternal body mass index (b= -1.1; 95% CI= -2.11 to -0.13; p=0.025). Exclusive breastfeeding was negatively affected by working outside the house (b= -1.4; 95% CI= -2.10 to -0.72; p= 0.001).Conclusion: Overweight and obesity in children aged 2 to 5 years old are positively affected by over nutrition intake, high maternal body mass index, and sectio cesarean birth. Overweight and obesity in children aged 2 to 5 years old are negatively affected by normal birthweight, exclusive breastfeeding, timely starting age of complementary feeding, and high physical activity.Keyword: life course factors, overweight, obesity, path analysis.Correspondence: Uyunun Nudhira. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285253781714Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(3): 267-283https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.03.08
Factors Associated with Safe Sex Behavior Among Commercial Sex Workers in Banjarsari, Surakarta, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: It is estimated that more than one million people in the world contract sexually-transmitted disease everyday. Annually approximately 357 million new infections occur by one of four sexually-transmitted diseases: chlamidia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and mouth ulcer. To date HIV/AIDS has spread in 407 of 507 districts and municipalities in Indonesia, or equivalently covering 80% districts and municipalities of the country. In Surakarta, the cumulative incidence of HIV/AIDS from 2005 to 2017 was 561 cases, with 38 HIV cases and 46 AIDS cases in 2017 alone. The incidence of HIV/AIDS has been increasing year by year. This study aimed to examine factors associated with safe sex behavior among commercial sex workers in Banjarsari, Surakarta, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in Banjarsari Sub-district, Surakarta, Central Java. A total sample of 100 commercial sex workers was selected by stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was safe sex behavior. The independent variables were knowledge of infectious transmitted disease and HIV/AIDS, self efficacy, condom availability, access to health care service, health personnel support, and peer support. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by multiple linear regression.Results: Safe sex behavior was associated with good knowledge of sexually-transmitted disease and HIV/AIDS (b=0.19; 95% CI=0.01 to 0.30; p=0.032), strong self efficacy (b= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.38; p= 0.047), condom availability (b=0.30; 95% CI= 0.36 to 1.20; p<0.001), good access to health care service (b= 0.19; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.52; p= 0.035), strong health personnel support (b= 0.18; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.57; p=0.041), strong peer support (b= 0.17; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.50; p= 0.046).Conclusion: Safe sex behavior is associated with good knowledge of sexually-transmitted disease and HIV/AIDS, strong self efficacy, condom availability, access to health care service, strong health personnel support, strong peer support.Keyword: safe sex behavior, knowledge, self efficacy, condom availability, access to health service, health personnel support, peer supportCorrespondence: Maecelina Hestin Ambarsari. Masters Program in Public Heath, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285742975078.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(1): 60-71https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.01.05
Risk Factors for Diarrhea Cases in Communities Living Along Deli River, North Sumatera
Get PDFBackground: Diarrhea disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five ye
Disclosure of Diagnosis and Prognosis to Cancer Patients in Traditional Societies: A Qualitative Assessment from Lebanon
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Phenomenology Study: Community Non Acceptance of Children with HIV/AIDS in Surakarta
Get PDFBackground: There were 13 cases of children with HIV/AIDS in Surakarta in 2016. They were infected from their mothers. These children got stigma and discrimination from the community due to their HIV positive status. This study aimed to describe stigma and discrimination from the community to the children with HIV/AIDS.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study with phenomenology approach. This study was conducted at Rumah Singgah Lentera (Halfway House Lentera), Surakarta. The key informants for this study included managers of Rumah Singgah Lentera, fulltime secretary, children with HIV, and community members living in the neighborhood. The data were collected by in-depth interview, and then grouped into coding units and described and analyzed.Results: The community surrounding Rumah Singgah Lentera, Surakarta, viewed children with HIV/AIDS as a disgrace. Various kinds of discrimination such as non-acceptance, alienation, restriction have been addressed by the community to the children with HIV/AIDS. The community has also stigmatized managers of Rumah Singgah Lentera, Surakarta, that they were also HIV infected and made profit of HIV/AIDS donation they received. This stigma occured because of lacking in HIV/AIDS knowledge, particulary its mode of transmission. Stigma and discrimination have caused psychological disorder among children with HIV/AIDS. They often feel sad, alienated, and cry, so that they often withdraw from their social environment. In term they feel dispair and decline to take ARV drugs.Conclusion: there is a need to enhance knowledge in HIV/AIDS, its mode of transmission, method of prevention, and its treatment for the community, in order to repress stigma and discrimination from the community.Keywords: HIV/AIDS, children, stigma, discrimination.Correspondence: Fetty Rosyadia Wachdin. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: [email protected] of Epidemiology and Public Health, 1(3): 148-153https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2016.01.03.0
Effect of Age and Socio Economic Status on the Quality of Life of Patients with Cervical Cancer Undertaking Chemotherapy at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta
Get PDFBackground: Cervical cancer is a type of cancer affecting women with high incidence and mortality in the world. Patient with cervical cancer have to undertake prolonged sequential treatment and therefore may experience physical, physicological and social changes, which may affect their quality of life. This study aimed to examine effect of age and socio economic status on the quality of life of patients with cervical cancer undertaking chemotherapy at Dr. Moewardi hospital Surakarta.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional design. This study was conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, from February to March 2017. A sample of 100 patients was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was quality of life. The independent variables were age, education and family income. The data were collected by questionnaire and medical record, and then were analyzed by linear regression model.Results: Education ≥ Senior High School (b= 10.25; 95% CI=5.24 to 15.26; p<0.001) and family income ≥ Minimum Regional Wage (b= 0.47; 95% CI=0.12 to 0.83; p=0.009) increased quality of life in patients with cervical cancer. Age ≥ 45 years (b=-0.53; 95% CI=-0.84 to -0.21; p=0.001) decreased quality of life in patients with cervical cancer.Conclusion: The quality of life of patient with cervical cancer is determine by age, education, and family income. Key Words: age, social economic status, quality of life, cervical cancer, chemotherapyCorrespondence: Hidayah Nur Fadhilla. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6285729955373.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(1): 11-19https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.01.0