Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (JEPH)
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Hanging Clothes on Wire and Its Association with Malaria Incidence in Batubara, North Sumatera
Get PDFBackground: The majority of the mosquito and parasite life-history traits that combine to determine malaria transmission intensity are environmental depen-dent. Earlier evidence suggests that certain malaria vectors can spend large parts of their adult life resting indoors. This study aimed to examine the practice of hanging clothes on wire and its association with malaria incidence in Batubara, North Sumatera. Subjects and Method: This was a case control study conducted in Batubara, North Sumatera in March 2018. A total of 176 people aged ? 15 years consisting of 88 cases of malaria and 88 controls were selected for this study. The dependent variable was malaria incidence. The independent variable was hanging clothes on wire. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a logistic regression. Results: Hanging clothes on wire was associated with an increased risk of malaria (OR= 3.33; 95% CI= 1.65 to 6.73; p= 0.001). Conclusion: Hanging clothes on wire increases the risk of malaria.Keywords: malaria, hanging clothes, wire.Correspondence
Biopsychosocial Factors Affecting the Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Surakarta, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are injuries and disorders that affect the h
Indoor Smoke Exposure and Other Risk Factors of Pneumonia among Children Under Five in Karanganyar, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Globally, pneumonia is an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. It causes one of five deaths in children under five years old worldwide. Approximately 61 million new cases of pneumonia occur annually. This study aimed to examine risk factors of pneumonia among children under five in Karanganyar, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted in Karanganyar District, Central Java, from October to November, 2017. Study subjects were selected by fixed disease sampling consisting of 68 children under five years old with pneumonia and 136 without pneumonia. The dependent variable was pneumonia. The independent variables were nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal stress, type of labour, maternal education, maternal job status, family income, quality of house, quality of environment, and indoor smoke exposure. The data was collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of pneumonia increased with indoor smoke exposure (b= 2.63; 95% CI= 1.70 to 3.55; p<0.001). The risk of pneumonia decreased with good house environment (b= -0.93; 95% CI= -1.72 to -0.14; p= 0.020), healthy behavior (b= -1.41; 95% CI= -2.22 to -0.60; p= 0.001), and good nutritional status (b= -1.83; 95% CI= -2.72 to -0.93; p < 0.001). Good house environment was positively affected by good quality of house (b= 1.53; 95% CI= 0.94 to 2.13; p<0.001). Indoor smoke exposure was negatively affected by good quality of house (b= −1.79; 95% CI= -2.40 to -1.19; p < 0.001). The likelihood of exclusive breastfeding decreased with maternal stress (b= −0.65; 95% CI= -1.22 to -0.08; p= 0.024) and history of cesarean section (b= −0.59; 95% CI= -1.20 to 0.01; p= 0.053). Good nutritional status was positively affected by exclusive breastfeeding (b= 0.65; 95% CI= 0.04 to 1.26; p= 0.036). Number of children was negatively affected by high maternal education (b= -0.71; 95% CI= -1.29 to -0.14; p= 0.015). Family income was positively affected by maternal working outside the house (b= 0.89; 95% CI= 0.31 to 1.46; p= 0.002). Maternal working outside the house was positively affected by high maternal education (b= 0.67; 95% CI= 0.98 to 1.24; p= 0.022).Conclusion: The risk of pneumonia increases with indoor smoke exposure, but decreases with good house environment, healthy behavior, and good nutritional status.Keyword: risk factor, pneumonia, children under fiveCorrespondence: Atika Nikmah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected] of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(1): 25-40https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.01.03
Evaluation of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Predictor Index in Surakarta, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global public health problem. New cases of lung Tuberculosis in 2015 were 10.4 million worldwide. One of the challenging in TB control to be addressed is the development of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). There were an estimated 15,380 TB cases in Indonesia by 2015 with 1,860 positive TB cases and 1,566 cases successfully treated. This study aimed to determine the predictor index for MDR-TB.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, from August to November 2017. The study subjects were selected by fixed disease sampling including 75 MDR-TB patients and 75 TB patients. The dependent variable was MDR-TB. The independent variables were medical history, co-morbidity (Diabetes Mellitus), drug side effect, drug-taking supervisor, and regularity of treatment. The data were collected by questionnaire and medical record. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression.Results: MDR-TB Occurrence Index increased with drug-taking supervisor (b = 2.33; 95% CI= 3.83 to 27.91; p<0.001), drug-side effect (b = 0.73; 95% CI= 0.58 to 7.45; p=0.026), medical history (b = 2.35; 95% CI= 3.80 to 29.38; p<0.001). MDR-TB Occurrence Index decreased by absence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (b = -0.56; 95% CI= 0.18 to 1.78; p= 0.033), regular treatment (b = -1.73; 95% CI= 0.06 to 0.46; p<0.001).Conclusion: MDR-TB Occurrence Index is determined by the drug-taking supervisor, drug side effect, medical history, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and regular treatment.Keywords: MDR-TB Occurrence Index, medical history, drug-taking supervisor, drug side effect, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, regular treatmentCorrespondence: Putri Pamungkas. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, 57126, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: [email protected] of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(2): 263-276https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.02.06
Biopsychosocial Factors Affecting Functional Disability and Depression in Patients with Osteoarthritis in Surakarta, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of disability in the elderly. OA can cause chronic pain, disability, and the patient's quality of life. This study aimed to determine the biopsychosocial factors affecting functional disability and depression in patients with OA in Surakarta, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic and observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital and Dr. Soeharso Orthopedic Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, from January to February 2018. A sample of 200 OA patients was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variables were functional disability and depression. The independent variables were age, sex, grade of OA, duration, body mass index (BMI), history of injury, pain level, family support, and peer support. Depression data were measured by Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). Functional disability data were measured by The Western Ontario and McMaster University Arthritis Index (WOMAC). The other variables were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of depression increased with higher BMI (b= 0.23; SE= 0.10; p= 0.021), pain level (b= 0.16; SE= 0.07; p= 0.022), duration (year) (b= 0.27; SE= 0.12; p= 0.025), and poor functional disability (b= 0.19; SE= 0.04; p<0.001). Depression decreased with stronger family support (b= -0.05; SE= 0.03; p= 0.031) and stronger peer support (b= -0.09; SE= 0.05; p= 0.001). The risk of functional disability increased with female sex (b= 3.36; SE= 1.21; p= 0.006), age (b= 0.14; SE= 0.06; p= 0.016), BMI (b= 0.31; SE= 0.17; p= 0.070), had experienced injury (b= 2.27; SE= 1.16; p= 0.051), higher grade of OA (b= 1.32; SE= 0.65; p= 0.041), and higher pain level (b= 0.41; SE= 0.12; p<0.001). The risk of functional disability decreased with stronger family support (b= -0.16; SE= 0.04; p<0.001) and stronger peer support (b= -0.29; SE= 0.08; p<0.001).Conclusion: Depression in OA patients is affected by BMI, pain level, duration (year), functional disability family support, and peer support. Functional disability is affected by sex, age, BMI, injury experience, grade of OA, pain level, family support, and peer support.Keywords: osteoarthritis, depression, functional disability, pain, BMI, family support, peer supportCorrespondence: Wahyu Tri Sudaryanto. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 085640637769.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(2): 292-306https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.02.0
Environmental Factors Associated with Pneumonia in Children Under-Five in Nduga District, Papua
Get PDFBackground: Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. In 2016 UNICEF had reported that pneumonia remains the leading infectious cause of death among children under five, killing approximately 2,400 children a day. Mortality due to childhood pneumonia is strongly associated to poverty, lack of safe water and sanitation, indoor air pollution and absence of basic immunization. This study aimed to determine the environmental factors associated with pneumonia in children under-five in Nduga, Papua, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case-control design. This study was conducted in Yigi and Mbua Sub-districts, Nduga District, Papua, Indonesia, from December 2017 to February 2018. A sample of 184 children under-five consisting of 88 children with pneumonia (case) and 96 children without pneumonia (control), was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The independent variables were BCG immunization status, family income, indoor household air pollution, and environmental sanitation. The dependent variable was pneumonia. Data were collected by questionnaire and medical record. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression.Results: The risk of pneumonia in children under-five increased by absence of BCG immunization (OR= 6.15; 95% CI= 2.78 to 13.61; p< 0.001), poor indoor household air pollution (OR= 5.68; 95% CI= 2.63 to 12.26; p< 0.001), and poor sanitation (OR= 5.06; 95% CI= 2.16 to 11.83; p<0.001). The risk of pneumonia in children under-five decreased by higher family income (OR= 0.30; 95% CI= 0.13 to 0.70; p= 0.005).Conclusion: Pneumonia in children under five is associated with indoor household air pollution, poor sanitation, absence BCG immunization, and lower family income.Keywords: pneumonia, indoor pollution, sanitation, BCG immunization, family incomeCorrespondence
Multilevel Analysis: Biopsychosocial Determinants and Environmental Factor on the Incidence of Diarrhea Among Children Under Five in Surakarta
Get PDFBackground: Diarrhea is an endemic disease with a potential to become an epidemic in Indonesia. Diarrhea most often occurs in children under five years of age. This study aimed to determine the relationship between biopsychosocial factors, environmental factor, and diarrhea occurrence in Surakarta, Central Java, using multilevel analysis.Subjects and Method: This was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. This study was conducted on October 2017 - April 2018. A sample of 200 children under five years of age was selected by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 100 children with diarrhea and 100 without diarrhea. The dependent variable was the incidence of diarrhea. The independent variables were the number of family members, maternal knowledge, maternal personal hygiene, and environmental sanitation. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by multilevel logistic regression in Stata 13.Results: The number of family member (b= 1.09; 95% CI= 0.02 to 2.15; p< 0.046) increased the risk of diarrhea. Good maternal knowledge (b= -2.30; 95% CI= -3.46 to -1.14; p<0.001), good maternal personal hygiene (b= -2.09; 95% CI= -3.48to-0.70; p<0.003), and good environmental sanitation (b= -1.64; 95% CI= -2.84to -0.43; p= 0.008) decreased the risk of diarrhea in children under five. The village had a substantial contextual effect on the incidence of diarrhea with ICC= 66.14%.Conclusion: The number of family member increases the risk of diarrhea. Good maternal knowledge, good maternal personal hygiene, and good environmental sanitation decrease the risk of diarrhea in children under five. Village has a substantial contextual effect on the incidence of diarrheaKeywords: diarrhea, number of family member, maternal knowledge, maternal personal hygiene, village, contextual effectCorrespondence
Path Analysis on the Determinants of Depression Symptom in Elderly: A PRECEDE PROCEED Model
Get PDFBackground: Mental health problems such as depression get less attention. This is due to the stigma that depression and mental health are things that do not need special attention. The population with the highest level of depression in Indonesia is experienced by the elderly. Depression in the elderly is caused by health factors, loss of loved ones and peer support and family support. The purpose of this study was to analyze the determinants of depressive symptoms in elderly.Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in Surakarta, Central Java, from September to October 2019. A sample of 200 elderly aged >60 years old was selected by cluster random sampling. The dependent variable was depressive symptoms. The independent variables were gender, education, employment status, marital status, residence, morbidity, family support, and peer support. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: The risk of depressive symptoms in the elderly increased with the elderly who did not have a partner (b= 8.42; 95% CI= 5.75 to 11.1; p <0.001), female gender (b= 4.83; 95% CI = 2.38 to 7.27; p<0.001), elderly who do not work (b= 2.85; 95% CI= 0.32 to 5.38; p= 0.027), have morbidity (b= 12.53; 95% CI= 0.16 to 4.89; p= 0.036). The risk of depressive symptoms in the elderly decreased with strong peer support (b= -2.79; 95% CI= -5.01 to -0.56; p= 0.014), strong family support (b = -8.67; 95% CI = -11.38 to - 5.97; p <0.001). The risk of depressive symptoms was indirectly affected by education and residenceConclusion: The risk of depressive symptoms in the elderly increases with the elderly who do not have partners, gender, employment status, and morbidity. The risk of depressive symptoms in the elderly decreases with peer support, family support. The risk of depressive symptoms is indirectly affected by education and residence.Keywords: depression symptoms, elderlyCorrespondence
Determinants of Disability in Patients with Leprosy at Kelet Hospital, Central Java
Get PDFBackground: Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the number of leprosy cases in 2015 was 211,973 in 108 countries in the world. The number of leprosy cases in Indonesia ranks third after India and Brazil. There are 14,000 (8%) leprosy cases with disability. This study aimed to determine factors affecting disability and Years of Life with Disability (YLD) attributable to leprosy in patients with leprosy at Kelet Hospital, Central Java.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted at Kelet Hospital, Central Java, from December 2017 to January 2018. A total sample of 140 leprosy patients was selected for this study using fixed disease sampling, consisting of 70 patients with disability and 70 patients without disability. The dependent variables were disability and YLD. The independent variables were age, education level, and self care. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Disability increases YLD (b= 0.37; 95% CI= 0.31 to 0.43; p<0.001). Disability increased with older age (b= 1.41; 95% CI= 0.38 to 2.43; p= 0.007) and decreased with better self care (b= -3.80; 95% CI= -4.90 to -2.71; p<0.001). Better self care increased with high education level (b= 1.96; 95% CI= 1.03 to 2.89; p<0.001).Conclusion: Older age increases the risk of disability, whereas self care decreases the risk of disability. Disability itself increases YLD. Higher education improves self care.Keywords: leprosy, disability, years of life with disability, determinantCorrespondence: Umi Nadhiroh. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 085727056553.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2018), 3(2): 143-252https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2018.03.02.0
Biopsychosocial Determinants of Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Surakarta
Get PDFBackground: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that poses serious threat to population health worldwide. Tuberculosis control enterprise becomes more complicated due to increasing number of Multi Drug Resistant Tuberkulosis (MDR-TB) cases. Globally there are approximately 580,000 cases of MDR-TB, with only 125,000 cases (20%) resolved. Indonesia ranks tenth in the world by the number of MDR-TB cases after Angola, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Cina, Korea, Kongo, Etiopia, and India. This study aimed to analyzed the bio-psychosocial determinants of MDR-TB in Surakarta.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with case control design. The study was conducted in Dr. Moewardi Hospital and BBKPM, Surakarta, from September to November 2017. A sample consisting of 76 MDR-TB patients and 228 non MDR-TB patients were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was MDR-TB. The independent variables were age, drug-taking adherence, depression, comorbidity, drug side-effect, drug-taking supervisor, and family income. The data were collected using a set of questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: MDR-TB was affected by lack of drug-taking adherence (b= -1.7; 95% CI= -2.23 to -1.07; p=0.001) and comorbidity (b= 1.5; 95% CI= 0.76 to 2.30; p=0.001). Drug-taking adherence was affected by depression (b= -1.7; 95% CI= -2.60 to -0.79; p=0.001), drug side effect (b= -1.5; CI 95%= -2.10 to -0.86; p=0.001), and drug-taking supervisor (b=2.5; 95% CI= 1.84 to 3.06; p=0.001). Comorbidity was affected by age (b= 0.86; 95% CI= 0.12 to 1.61; p= 0.022).Conclusion: MDR-TB is directly affected by lack of drug-taking adherence and comorbidity. MDR-TB is indirectly affected by drug-taking supervisor, depression, and drug side effect.Keyword: bio-psychosocial determinants, MDR-TBCorrespondence: Lina Alfiyani. Masters Program in Public Health, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: [email protected] of Epidemiology and Public Health (2017), 2(3): 255-266https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2017.02.03.07