Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (JEPH)
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Meta Analysis: The Effect of Age and Gender on Face Mask Use during COVID-19 Pandemic
Get PDFBackground: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a world health problem in early 2020. The first case of COVID-19 was found in Wuhan China, the use of masks is intended to control the transmission of the virus to others and as a preventive measure, namely by providing protection to users who do not infected with viral exposure. The purpose of this study was to estimate the extent of adherence to wearing masks in the elderly and women through a meta-analysis of the primary study which was carried out by the previous authors.Subjects and Method: This study was a meta-analysis with the following PICO, PICO. Population: general population, intervention: age (older > 46) and gender (female), comparison: age (young 12 - 45 years) and gender (male), outcome: use of masks. The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. With keywords such as: “mask and COVID-19 transmission”, “mask or COVID-19 transmission”. The articles included are full-text English with an observational study design from 2020 to 2022. Article selection was carried out using PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 9 case studies from Europe, America and Asia were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. The results showed that people over 46 years of age were 1.54 times more likely to use a mask than those under 45 years old (aOR= 1.54; 95% CI= 0.83 to 2.85; p= 0.170) and women were 1.12 times more likely to use a mask than men (aOR= 1.12; 95% CI= 0.78 to 1.61; p= 0.550).Conclusion: Older age and women are more likely to wear masks.
Keywords: wearing mask, gender, age, COVID-19
Correspondence:Indah Adhitama Chrisnanda. Master Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: [email protected] Mobile: 081216121662
The Association of Epidemiological and Clinical Parameters with Diabetes and Hypertension in a Rural Area: A Mahbubnagar District Study
Get PDFBackground: Rapid development in a country like India has also brought an explosion in the prevalence of non-communicable disease. Affluence to western culture can be one of the reason. This might have encroached the rural India. A cross‑sectional survey was done to assess the socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory factors diabetes and hypertension among the study population.Subjects dan Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. A sample of 244 diabetes and hypertensive patients registered under the subcentre were taken as study subjects. Sociodemographic factor, clinical parameters and Laboratory parameters were taken independent variables. The dependent variables were diabetes and hypertension. Data analysis was done with help of SPSS version 26 software. Standard instruments were used to measure, weight, height, and waist circumference (WC), blood pressure. The random blood sugar, HbA1C and lipid profile values were taken from laboratory reports. The other variables were collected by questionnaire.Results: A total of 244 participants reported and responded to this study who were having diabetes, hypertension or both. About 35% of the population belonged to lower SEC. Amongst males almost 50% of the male had dual co-morbidity i.e Diabetes and Hypertension. About 85% of the population was Illiterate (p<0.05). Mean value of HbA1C was high among the diabetic patient who were under treatment (Mean= 7.10; SD=1.20). Lipid profile value were in normal range but higher compared to stats of other selected states.Conclusion: Study subjects even on treatment were unable to keep the laboratory parameters under control hence requiring indepth research.
Keywords: Diabetes, hypertension, risk factors, Mahbubnagar District.
Correspondence:Munnaji Vyankatesh Mavatkar. Assistant Professor Department of Community Medicine Government Medical College Mahbubnagar. Department of Community Medicine Government Medical College Mahbubnagar Yedira 509001. Email: [email protected]. Mobile phone: 08999712782
Meta-Analysis: Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and Age on Obesity in Adults
Get PDFBackground: Obesity has become a serious public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Excessive alcohol consumption in adults is a global problem that needs further investigation. The adult age group has a high enough risk of being overweight and obese. The purpose of this study was to estimate the relationship between alcohol consumption and age on obesity.Subjects and Method: This research is a systematic study and meta-analysis. The articles used in this study were obtained from the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. The articles used are articles that have been published from 2012-2022. The search for articles was carried out by considering the eligibility criteria determined using the PICO model. P= adults, I= alcohol consumption and middle age, C= no alcohol consumption and early adulthood, O= obesity. The keywords to search for articles were as follows: “Alcohol Consumption” OR “Alcohol Intake” AND “Age” AND “Obesity” OR “Body Mass Index” and “aOR”. The articles included in this study are full text articles with a cross-sectional research design. Articles were collected using the PRISMA flow chart. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: There are 13 articles consisting of 2 studies from North America (Nicaragua, United States), 1 study from South America (Brazil), 1 study from Europe (Portugal), 7 studies from Africa (Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Ghana), and 2 studies from Asia (Cambodia, Thailand) were included in this meta-analysis. 7 cross-sectional studies showed that alcohol consumption increased the risk of obesity in adults 2.05 times compared with those who did not consume alcohol (aOR= 2.05; 95% CI= 1.26 to 3.33; p= 0.004). A meta-analysis of 7 cross-sectional studies showed that middle age increased the risk of obesity 2.57 times compared with early adulthood (aOR= 2.57; 95% CI= 1.99 to 3.30; p = 0.001).Conclusion: Alcohol consumption and age are risk factors for obesity in adults.
Keywords: alcohol consumption, age, obesity, adults
Correspondence:Ayu Novita Wulandari. Applied Graduate School, Prosthetic Orthotic, School of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health Surakarta. Jl. Letjen Sutoyo Mojosongo Surakarta 57127, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile :082281301325
Meta Analysis: Relationship between Obesity and Dental Caries in Children
Get PDFBackground: Caries is an oral disease that often affects children around the world. The oral disease is related to several etiological factors with indicators of nutritional status, such as obesity and malnutrition. Studies linking overweight/obesity and caries experience in children have proved contradictory so far, the results including positive association, no association and inverse association. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the relationship between obesity and caries in children based on the results of several previous studies.Subjects and Method: This was a systematic study and meta-analysis. The search for articles was carried out by considering the eligibility criteria determined using the PICO model. The study population was children aged 6-15 years old with an intervention in the form of obesity, normoweight comparison and caries outcome. This article was collected for 3 weeks. The keywords to search for articles were as follows: “obesity” OR “overweight” AND “dental caries” AND “children”. The articles included in this study are full text articles with a cross sectional research design from 2012 to 2022. Articles were collected using the PRISMA flow chart. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 9 articles contained in this study, including 3 articles from Brazil which is the continent of South America, 2 articles from Mexico which is the continent of North America, 1 article from Nigeria which is the African continent, 2 articles from China and 1 article from Arabia which is the continent of Asia. The results showed that obesity can reduce the incidence of dental caries in children by 0.82 times higher compared to children with normal weight (aOR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.45 to 1.52; p = 0.540)Conclusion: Meta-analyses show that overweight and obese children have a lower risk of developing early childhood caries.
Keywords: Obesity, Overweight, Caries Dental, Children
Correspondence:Sholikha Dela Aprilia. Department of Nursing, Universitas Diponegoro. Jl. Prof. Sudarto No. 13, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, 50275. Email: [email protected] Mobile: 081390211993
Effects of Occupational Stress and Frequency of Lifting Heavy Loads on Low Back Pain in Health Workers: A Meta Analysis
Get PDFBackground: Health workers have a high risk for experiencing symptoms of disorders of the musculoskeletal system such as pain, injury, trauma, and other disorders. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), work-related musculoskeletal disorders or commonly called work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) are injuries that include various inflammatory disorders or degenerative diseases associated with pain or functional disorders in the body.Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis with the following PICO, Population: Health workers. Intervention: High stress and high frequency of heavy lifting. Comparison: Low stress and low frequency of weight lifting. Outcome: Back pain. The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. Keywords to search for articles “low back pain” “risk factors” “determinants” “predictors” AND “health workers” The articles included were full-text English with a cohort and cross-sectional study design from 2016 to 2021 and reported the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) in the multivariate analysis. The selection of articles was done by using PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 5 cohort and 10 cross-sectional studies, ten articles included nurses as research respondents, four articles included overall medical personnel, and one article included ambulance workers. Research locations are in Denmark, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, Malaysia, Iran, Brazil Italy, Australia, Yemen, Estonia, and Ethiopia with medical workers who have low levels of job stress (aOR= 2.52; 95% CI= 2.15 to 2.96; p< 0.001) and it can be concluded that medical workers with frequent heavy lifting have a risk of experiencing back pain by 2.01 times compared to medical workers with infrequent weight lifting frequency (aOR= 2.01; 95% CI 1.23 to 3.18; p = 0.003).Conclusion: Medical workers with high levels of job stress and frequent heavy lifting are at risk for back pain.
Keywords: back pain, stress, weight lifting.
Correspondence:Ahmad Syauqi Mubarok. Masters Program of Public Health Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 085741144248
The Association between High Body Mass Index and Mortality Risk in Hospitalized Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis
Get PDFBackground: COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a global pandemic with confirmed death cases of more than 1.27 million worldwide. Since the past pandemic, several studies discovered the adverse effects of excess fat accumulation on the severity of viral infections. This study aimed to investigate the association between high body mass index (BMI) and mortality risk in hospitalized COVID-19 patients based on four categories of high BMI ranges.
Subjects and Method: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis was conducted using search articles from electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, published from 2019 to 2021. The keywords used to retrieve articles were "Body Mass Index" OR BMI OR Obesity OR Overweight) AND (Mortality OR Death) AND COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2. The included studies were full-text articles published in the English language, reporting adjusted odds ratios from multivariate analysis. The eligibility criteria were defined using PICO model. The article selection was conducted using PRISMA flow chart. The included studies were analyzed by the Review Manager 5.3 application.
Results: A total of nine cohort studies involving 12,907 COVID-19 patients with high BMI conducted from America, Europe, and Georgia regions was included in qualitative synthesis and Meta-Analysis. The pooled estimate showed hospitalized COVID-19 patients with morbid/ class III obesity had a higher risk of mortality (aOR= 1.77; 95% CI= 1.27 to 2.47; p= 0.001) than overweight (aOR= 1.10; 95% CI= 1.00 to 1.21; p= 0.060), class I (aOR= 1.16; 95% CI= 0.87 to 1.55; p= 0.300), and class II obesity (aOR= 1.54; 95% CI= 1.11 to 2.13; p= 0.009).
Conclusion: High BMI increases the risk of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A potential dose-response relationship may exist between different categories of high BMI range and mortality risk in COVID-19 patients.
Link Between Obesity and The Severity of COVID-19 Infection: A Multicenter Retrospective Study in Dubai
Get PDFBackground: Obesity is a major contributing factor for poor prognosis in many diseases and COVID-19 is no exception. Studies regarding the relationship between obesity and poor COVID-19 disease severity and outcome are however lacking in the gulf region. This study aimed to examine links between BMI and high mortality rate, duration of intensive care unit admission, and time on mechanical ventilation support among COVID-19 patients under the care of Dubai Health Authority (DHA) in the United Arab Emirates.Subjects dan Method: This was a retrospective, descriptive, record-based study of 637 patients admitted with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 PCR at three tertiary hospitals in Dubai, UAE. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from March 1st, 2020, through June 1st, 2020, all patients aged 18 and above were included, pregnant ladies were excluded. The dependent variables were ICU admission, COVID severity, need of respiratory support, viral clearance. The independent variables were the disease outcome between the obese and non-obese. The data were analyzed using chi-square test.Results: Total 200 (31.4%) were obese, while 435 (68.3%) were not obese. Most patients (81%) were male patients. Data Analysis reveals that obesity is associated with the risk of ICU admissions (OR=2.88, 95%CI=1.9 to 4.37; p<0.001). The findings also indicate that Covid-19 obese patients required higher respiratory support devices compared to non-obese patients (35.8% vs 16.3%, respectively) (OR= 2.87, 95%CI=1.93 to 4.27; p<0.001). Clinical severity at day 7th of hospital admissions among obese patients was direr compared to non-obese patients (34.5% vs 15.9%, respectively) (OR=2.79, 95%CI=1.87 to 4.16; p<0.001). Mortality rate at day 14 of admission were found higher among obese group too (9.5% vs 3.4%) (OR=2.95, 95%CI=1.46to 5.94; p= 0.020).Conclusion: This study indicates that COVID-19 patients with obesity (BMI more than 30 kg/m2) are found to have severer respiratory manifestations, higher mortality rate, prolonged periods of intensive care unit admission, and utilization of invasive mechanical ventilation
Associations between HIV Status Disclosure, Social Support, and Adherence to and Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults Patients with HIV/AIDS
Get PDFBackground: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been successful in increasing the life span and quality of life of people living with HIV. The success of antiretroviral treatment can be assessed from the patient's compliance in taking the drugs prescribed by the doctor at the right time and at the right dose. Disclosure of HIV status and social support are factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study aims to estimate the magnitude of disclosure of HIV status and social support with antiretroviral therapy adherence to adult patients with HIV/AIDS with a meta-analysis study.
Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted using PRISMA flow diagrams. Article searches were conducted through journal databases including: Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer Link, Clinical key and ProQuest. The articles used in this study are articles that have been published from 2010-2021. The keywords to search for articles are as follows: "disclosing HIV and antiretroviral adherence", "Social Support or family support and antiretroviral adherence". The inclusion criteria were full text with cross-sectional study design, articles in English, multivariate analysis with adjusted odds ratio. Eligible articles were analyzed using the Revman 5.4 application.
Results: A meta-analysis of 9 observational studies showed that patients who disclosed their HIV status increased adherence to antiretroviral therapy 2.3 times compared to patients who did not disclose significantly (aOR= 2.36 95% CI= 1.75 to 3.19; p< 0.001). A meta-analysis of 9 observational studies showed that patients who received social support significantly increased adherence to antiretroviral therapy 1.4 times compared to patients who did not have support (aOR= 1.46; 95% CI= 1.08 to 1.97; p= 0.010).
Conclusion: Disclosure of HIV status and social support improves adherence to antiretroviral therapy in adult patients with HIV/AIDS
Asymptomatic Malaria Carriage in South-Western Burkina Faso: An Epidemiological Analysis
Get PDFBackground: Burkina Faso is challenged by rise in malaria incidence and insecticide and drug resistance. We investigated the prevalence of asymptomatic infection of Plasmodium falciparum. over three surveys.Subjects dan Method: We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys in September and December 2016 and June 2017 in Diebougou health district. An initial census identified 4,028 subjects aged 6 months to 18 years. The independent variables included the age or date of birth, dependant were the area of residence, the use of bed nets, presence of not of parasites, the period of the surveys and the presence or absence of clinical signs/symptoms/fever, the gender. We used electronic case report forms for data collection, then uploaded into electronic tablets PCs, transferred to a central server. Data were analyzed with R version 3.4.3 software. Baseline chara
Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection in Rural Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study in Tegal District
Get PDFBackground: Although the COVID-19 outbreak initially occurred in urban residents, it eventually reached rural and remote communities. There have not been many studies of risk factors for COVID-19 infection in people in rural areas. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the incidence of COVID-19 infection in rural areas, Tegal Regency.Subjects dan Method: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on 114 patients who visited the health center from 1 June to 30 July 2020 (time restrictions on social activities). The depe