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統語構造におけるPRO の局所性に関する一考察 : 標示付けアルゴリズムとフェイズ理論による分析
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to revisit the concept of “Control Sentences”. Assuming Chomsky’s (2013, 2015) Labeling Algorithm and Saito’s (2017) phase-based analysis of the locality of anaphor binding, I will fist argue that Obligatory Control PRO is also a kind of anaphor, PRO doesn’t have φ-feature, and is weak head. This accounts for the differences between try-type verbs and believe-type (ECM) verbs in terms of grammaticality. In the second note, following Hornstein (2001) etc., I show that it becomes possible to resolve the problems of promise-type verbs
日本語学習者の従属節を含む文の「は・が」の誤用の実態 : 実例の長文を使用した誤用の実態調査から
Get PDFPrevious studies have indicated that learners of Japanese are prone to misuse of “ha/ga” in subordinate clauses in Japanese. However, the problem is that only simple sentences were used in the previous surveys.
This article conducted a survey using long and complicated sentences containing compound sentences to clarify the actual situation of how learners use “ha/ga” in the main and subordinate clauses of compound sentences. The results of the survey, conducted on learners of Chinese, Korean, and Western native languages at the late beginner to advanced levels, revealed the following differences in the misuse of “ha/ga” in the main and subordinate clauses of compound sentences. Specifically, it was found that misuse was more frequent in long sentences than in short sentences, and that Korean native speakers misused fewer sentences than Chinese, English, or other native speakers. In addition, the appearance of misuse differed depending on the type of subordinate clause, with fewer misuses in the main and subordinate clauses of sentences containing time clauses than in sentences containing noun-modifying clauses, supplementary clauses, and so on
Development of Language-Specific Aptitude Tests for Measuring Language Proficiency for ISO 13611:2024 Certification (English-Japanese, Russian-Japanese, Portuguese-Japanese, Chinese-Japanese)
Get PDFThe purpose of this paper is to clarify important considerations in creating aptitude tests with identical content but different languages for four language-Japanese combinations, report on the main activities in 2024, and identify challenges and essential requirements for 2025, which is the final year of research. This research focuses on the training of community interpreters, who play crucial roles in multicultural societies where people with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds coexist amid the advancement of globalisation. The joint and collaborative researchers have formed industry-academia partnerships with translation companies specialising in multilingual machine translation systems and proofreading, facilitated through confidentiality agreements. Since 2023, they have been developing and implementing language-specific aptitude tests (English-Japanese, Russian-Japanese, Portuguese-Japanese, and Chinese-Japanese) to measure the language proficiency necessary for obtaining certification under the international standard ISO 13611:2024 Interpreting services - Community interpreting - Requirements and recommendations (ISO 13611:2024).” This paper reports on the development and implementation of aptitude tests in 2024. The 2024 research involved creating and implementing test questions that consider the characteristics of each language and analysing results. The research revealed factors such as test takers’ native languages, language proficiency in acquired specialised languages, education related to community interpreting, differences in problem text length due to linguistic characteristics, and variations in test time. These findings suggest the need to consider these factors. The importance of comprehensive evaluation, encompassing elements such as understanding cultural background, interpreting techniques, and ethical judgment, was also confirmed. This report describes the test development, implementation status, result analysis, and future challenges conducted in 2024
The Evolution of Engagement and the Change in International Relations Studies
Get PDFThis article reveals how international relations studies have addressed international and global engagement activities. The history of international and global engagement is divided into three periods. International engagement first emerged as international humanitarian assistance in the nineteenth century, and humanitarian aid was recognized as a typical engagement activity in the mid-twentieth century. The second wave covers the period between the 1970s and the early 1990s. During this period, the scope of international engagement widened to include activities involving issues such as environmental conservation. The third period covers the present day, and problems that affect not only a particular community but also the broader region and agents are addressed by global engagement. Given the above development of international and global engagement, this article argues that studies on international relations were less interested in investigating engagement activities until the late 1990s. In the past, unresponsiveness to engagement resulted from the dominant perspective of realism embraced by mainstream international relations studies. The rise in enthusiasm in the current period is a consequence of changes in the mindset of scholars and practitioners of global politics following the end of the Cold War. The article concludes that the scope of issues addressed by global engagement continues to expand, and that international relations studies will increasingly focus on global engagement
Strategic Cost Management for Decision-making : Investment in Shopping Mall Stores by an SME in Thailand
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