Emerging Science Journal (ESJ)
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Design and Evaluation of C-Band Microstrip Antenna Array for Portable Ground Surveillance Radar
No full textThis study aims to design, simulate, fabricate, and evaluate a high-gain C-band microstrip antenna array with a corrugation plate for Portable Ground Surveillance Radar (PGSR) applications, addressing the need for compact, high-performance antennas in border security operations. The proposed design targets a minimum gain of 20 dBi, a horizontal beamwidth of ≤ 2.8°, a vertical beamwidth of ≤7.5°, horizontal polarization, and compact physical dimensions for field portability. The methodology involved electromagnetic simulations to optimize the slit-patch array geometry, fabrication using Rogers RO-4350B substrate for its stable dielectric properties, and performance validation in an anechoic chamber using a vector network analyzer. The fabricated prototype achieved strong agreement with simulations in key metrics: realized gain exceeded 20 dBi, return loss reached -27.35 dB, and SWR was approximately 1.2, confirming effective impedance matching. The corrugation plate enhanced impedance matching, improved transmission efficiency (S21), and reduced reverse isolation (S12), while S22 remained stable. Despite these strengths, the measurement beamwidths, especially vertical beamwidth (~30°), exceeded both simulation and target values, highlighting fabrication precision and alignment as areas for improvement. The novelty of this work lies in integrating a corrugation plate to improve impedance matching and the correlation between simulation and measurement, offering a practical, tuneable enhancement to microstrip antenna arrays for PGSR and similar radar systems
Development of Control and Measurement Procedures for Geometrically Complex Surfaces
No full textThis study aims to develop and automate control and measurement procedures for parts with complex geometric surfaces under multiproduct manufacturing conditions. By integrating combinatorial analysis, statistical testing, and probe trajectory optimization into a unified framework, the proposed methodology formalizes measurement planning within an automated system. The actual dimensional characteristics of each workpiece are determined at the design stage, enabling the adaptation of the technological process to specific components. Experimental validation was performed on a FARO 9 ARM coordinate measuring machine using six types of complex parts, and statistical testing was performed to identify the optimal number of control points (108) with a minimum measurement time of 72 min per part. The methodology achieved a defect rate reduction of 5% and demonstrated an annual cost savings of 641,172 Rubles. This study integrates control point selection, probe trajectory planning, and measuring instrument choice into a single automated system that adapts to actual workpiece geometry, advancing Metrology 4.0 principles. The proposed approach significantly improves performance compared with conventional methods, reducing metrological preparation time by 76%, lowering defect rates by 50%, and decreasing the number of measurement operations by over 40%. These results confirm the potential of the methodology for enhancing productivity and economic efficiency in digital manufacturing environments
Reducing the Incidence of Bullying in Secondary Schools
Full text linkThe present study discusses the issues of bullying prevention in secondary schools with the objective of finding out about the efficiency of the experiential learning method in this context. Within a more extensive research study under realisation, the method of pedagogical experiment was applied to a sample of 100 vocational school students, and its partial results are presented. A set of experiential activities was prepared for teachers and used by them in the experimental group (50 students) within a 10-month bullying prevention program. In the control group (50 students), traditional methods of bullying prevention were used. To examine the effect of the intervention, the Olweus Bullying Questionnaire was administered to the participating students before and after the intervention (pre-test and post-test). The obtained research results suggest that the implementation of experiential learning activities contributed to a more positive school climate and favourable conditions for the realisation of bullying prevention in the participating school. Although given the limits of the research study, the present findings cannot be generalised to the entire population of vocational school students, the study brings unique data that fill the gap in current knowledge and create a basis for further research activities. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-SIED1-026 Full Text: PD
Food Supply Chain: Possible Impact and Consequence Analysis of Reducing Working Hours of Food Retailers
Full text linkGrocery shops constantly follow trends and developments in consumer demand; therefore, solutions are sought to enhance food retailing, and one solution is to limit the working hours of supermarkets to balance the interests of stakeholders and those employed in the food supply chain. Accordingly, the present research aims to identify the possible socio-economic impact of reducing the working hours of food supermarkets in Latvia. The research analyzed primary information sources: publicly available information from databases and annual reports by companies from the industry. Three potential scenarios were designed to identify the socio-economic impact of reducing the working hours of supermarkets. The research found that if the working hours of the four leading food supermarkets (Maxima, Rimi, Lidl, Sky) in Latvia were reduced, their turnover, market shares, and taxes paid to the national government, as well as the hours worked by their employees, would decrease, thereby leading to some redundancies causing some negative socio-economic consequences. The novelty of the research is that retail is an essential link in the food supply chain from farm to fork, making food available to consumers. The calculations show that we should be careful when reducing the working hours of supermarkets because this has socio-economic consequences. It is also necessary to evaluate the attitude of consumers. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2025-09-01-05 Full Text: PD
Enhancing Nature Engagement through Mobile Applications: A Technological Approach
Full text linkIn the recent surge of digitalization, especially in the post-COVID-19 era, people increasingly rely on technology to make their lives more efficient and reliable. While nature offers numerous benefits to humans, nature is often overlooked due to busy lifestyles. As time passes, people who are busy with their economic lifestyles often do not have time to even learn the names of the flora around them. Technology plays a crucial role in how humans interact with nature. By developing an application that could ease gardening and creating a nature-aware community around us, it can encourage people to interact more with nature. Existing nature applications are underused due to poor accessibility and difficult-to-navigate user interfaces. Moreover, none of the existing applications provide insights into plants based on Malaysia's regional and cultural relevance. The purpose of this project is to develop a nature interaction application that emphasizes human-computer interaction principles to enhance navigation for users. The application aims to offer insights into Malaysian flora to provide a localized experience, with Bahasa Malaysia included to increase accessibility for Malaysians. The application also acts as a one-stop shop for gardening tools, which eases human interaction with nature. All these features are made together with offering accessibility as a focus. The completed application was tested to evaluate its efficiency and user-friendliness. To fulfill this purpose, various studies about accessibility, user interface, and experience were made. The application named Nature Connect was developed using the React Ionic framework and backend processes using Python, TensorFlow, and Flask and using plugins such as Google Maps API and Capacitor. The developed application was then evaluated using usability testing metrics of effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction to ensure its user-friendliness. The results were 96.4% in terms of effectiveness, 51 seconds per task on efficiency, and 66% on satisfaction. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2025-09-02-022 Full Text: PD
The BVAR Model for Analyzing CO2 Emissions on Renewable Energy, Economic Growth, and Forest Area
Full text linkThis research investigates the management of CO₂ emissions, a significant factor in the climate change phenomenon, focusing on Indonesia. The objective is to examine the correlation between CO₂ emissions and their causal variables: economic growth (measured by gross domestic product), forest area, and renewable energy (RE) consumption. The Bayesian vector autoregressive (BVAR) model was employed to address the complexity of multivariate interactions and overcome limitations associated with small datasets. The analysis revealed that economic growth and reduced forest area significantly contributed to high CO₂ emissions, while renewable energy consumption exhibited a mitigating effect. The BVAR model demonstrated substantial predictive accuracy, highlighting its suitability for analyzing environmental and economic data in resource-constrained scenarios. These findings emphasize the critical need for targeted policy actions in Indonesia, including safeguarding forest areas, addressing illegal logging and burning, and accelerating the transition to renewable energy. The study provides a novel application of the BVAR model in environmental research, showcasing its potential for generating actionable insights into emissions management. This study contributes to the understanding of sustainable development by proposing an innovative way to support evidence-based policies that reduce CO₂ emissions as well as mitigate climate change impacts
Enhancing User Differentiation in the Electronic Personal Synthesis Behavior (EPSBV01) Algorithm by Adopting the Time Series Analysis
Full text linkThe progress of contemporary technology has rendered information systems essential in our everyday existence, underscoring the crucial necessity to safeguard information security and privacy. In password authentication, the Electronic Personal Synthesis Behaviour (EPSB) heightens the accuracy of authorizing an authenticated user based on three parameters: EPSBERROR, EPSBTime, and EPSBStyle. EPSBTime suffers from a lack of indicators associated with the legitimate user; containing only six indicators, there arose the need to adopt methods for generating additional reliable indicators by analyzing old indicators and generating new indicators related to the legitimate user. Therefore, this study aims to test the impact of adopting time series analysis in the EPSB time indicator on improving the differentiation of user legitimacy in the case of password-stolen attacks. The research methodology, which involves analyzing and evaluating existing authentication methods in web-based systems, is a key component of this study. The study is divided into stages, with the first phase focusing on enhancing the existing EPSB model, the second phase implementing EPSBalgorithmV01, and the final stage ensuring validation. Thus, two preliminary experiments were conducted with 22 users from January 13 to February 1, 2024. The final phase involved comparing EPSBV01's accuracy in determining unauthorized users before and after using the ARIMA method. Thus, the EPSBV01algorithm successfully identified 17 unauthorized users during a stolen password attack simulation, outperforming the normal EPSB by 22.73%. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2025-09-01-014 Full Text: PD
Using Mixed Reality (MR) as an Emerging Technology for Improving Higher Education: Analysis of Mental Workload
Full text linkThis study aims to evaluate the mental workload perceived by students when using Build_3D, a mixed reality (MR) application, as an educational tool for learning PC and smartphone hardware, as well as to analyze teachers' perceptions of its impact on the teaching process. The NASA-TLX tool was applied to measure mental workload in 60 students, assessing six dimensions: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, perceived performance, effort, and frustration level. Additionally, qualitative observations were collected from teachers regarding the use of MR in practical learning environments. The results show that the perceived performance dimension achieved the highest score, highlighting the application's effectiveness in improving learning outcomes. Mental and temporal demands were moderate, while effort, frustration, and physical demand were low. Teachers noted that Build_3D enhances practical learning by enabling the repetition of complex tasks and fostering student motivation through immersive experiences. As a novel contribution, the study highlights the capacity of MR tools to integrate theoretical and practical concepts in an interactive environment, reducing cognitive load and promoting autonomous and personalized learning. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-SIED1-024 Full Text: PD
The Impact of Digital Storytelling-Based Learning Environment on Young Children's Science Process Skills
Full text linkThe present study aimed at examining the effects of digital storytelling-based learning environment on children's science process skills such as observation, classification and prediction. A total of 238 children were involved and divided into an experimental group which was exposed to digital storytelling and a control group which was not exposed to digital storytelling. The data collection included interactive digital stories and tests to assess science skills and semi-structured interviews to gather children's feedback. The findings of the study revealed that digital storytelling has a positive effect on children's scientific skills and this was because the experimental group performed better than the control group in all the skills assessed. There was a significant improvement in the observation skills of children in that they were able to identify more details in natural phenomena. The classification skills were enhanced since children were able to arrange and categorize information using the structure of digital stories. The prediction skills were also enhanced, which showed that there was an enhancement in the critical in thinking early skills. It is recommended that childhood-based curricula incorporate digital story, and teacher training should include it as well. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2025-SIED1-02 Full Text: PD
Generative Adversarial Networks for Dynamic Cybersecurity Threat Detection and Mitigation
Full text linkThe increasing complexity and dynamism of cyberattacks, such as ransomware, phishing, and denial of service, demand advanced solutions that overcome the limitations of traditional methods, such as support vector machines and decision trees. This study proposes a generative adversarial network (GAN)-based model to enhance the detection and mitigation of dynamic cybersecurity threats by improving adaptability and robustness in real-time scenarios. The model is designed to detect anomalies in network traffic and generate malicious synthetic patterns to strengthen system defenses. The model was trained and tested using publicly available datasets, CICIDS2017 and UNSW-NB15, and an experimental environment simulating corporate networks with 50 interconnected devices generating realistic traffic to evaluate its effectiveness. The results demonstrate that the GAN-based model achieved an average precision of 92%, an F1 score of 91%, and robustness against noise of 89%, significantly outperforming traditional approaches. The key novelty of this work lies in integrating noise robustness and generalization as primary evaluation metrics, along with the ability to generate real-time countermeasures, making it a more resilient solution in dynamic cybersecurity environments. These findings suggest that the proposed approach offers a significant advancement in the field, enabling better adaptability to evolve threats and improving security frameworks in complex network infrastructures. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2025-09-02-029 Full Text: PD