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Analyse discursive du fonctionnement de l’espace dans L’enfant noir de Camara Laye et Les Soleils des indépendances d’Ahmadou Kourouma
Get PDFCette contribution explore la représentation de l’espace romanesque sous trois axes : l’espace mimétique, la toposémie fonctionnelle et le symbolisme idéologique dans L’enfant noir de Camara Laye et Les Soleils des indépendances d’Ahmadou Kourouma. Une lecture critique démontre que l’espace des deux textes est construit pour interroger les fondements de la culture, de l’identité et de l’historique dans la réalité précoloniale et postcoloniale de l’Afrique. Inscrit dans la littérature nationaliste, Camara Laye vante les valeurs de l’Afrique traditionnelle comme un moyen de diaboliser et de déconstruire la colonisation, traduisant ainsi l’espace romanesque à un outil de résistance coloniale. Les lieux idylliques représentés dans L’enfant noir symbolisent une Afrique ancestrale, harmonieuse, libre, prospère et en sécurité, incarnant une utopie mémorielle. En revanche, l’espace répugnant dans Les soleils des indépendances fustige la colonisation, ainsi que les institutions, les structures sociopolitiques et religieuses, surtout de l’Afrique postcoloniale à travers son espace dystopique. Nourri de pessimisme, cet espace semble dépeindre l’état actuel d’une Afrique en crise, ravagée par l’absurdité de la colonisation et les injustices. Kourouma établit un parallèle entre ses personnages et son espace. Les constituants dialectiques des lieux représentés reflètent le déséquilibre psychologique, moral, économique des personnages et un effondrement des structures sociales, politiques et religieuses de l’Afrique post-indépendance. Bien que les deux textes dépeignent respectivement des espaces contrastés d’un passé idéalisé et d’une crise postcoloniale, leur représentation spatiale prône une Afrique unie, prospère et régénérée.
This study examines the representation of novelistic space along three axes: mimetic space, functional toposemy, and ideological symbolism in Camara Laye’s The Dark Child and Ahmadou Kourouma’s The Suns of Independence. A critical reading shows that the space in both texts is constructed to question the foundations of culture, identity, and history within Africa's precolonial and postcolonial realities. Within nationalist literature, Camara Laye praises the values of traditional Africa as a way to critique and dismantle colonization, turning novelistic space into a tool of colonial resistance. The idyllic places in The Dark Child symbolize a peaceful, free, prosperous, and secure ancestral Africa, representing a memorial utopia. In contrast, the disturbing space in The Suns of Independence criticizes colonization, along with the institutions, sociopolitical and religious structures mainly of postcolonial Africa, through its dystopian setting. Filled with pessimism, this space portrays Africa’s current crisis-ridden state, devastated by the absurdity of colonization and injustices. Kourouma draws a parallel between his characters and their space; the dialectical elements of these places reflect their psychological, moral, and economic struggles, as well as the collapse of the social, political, and religious structures of post-independence Africa. Despite presenting contrasting spaces of an idealized past and postcolonial crisis, respectively, both novels ultimately use spatial representation to promote a united, prosperous, and renewed Africa
Quelques remarques sur les potentialités de production de riz en République du Congo : Identification des bassins de production et évaluation des potentialités de production des variétés améliorées introduites
Get PDFEn République du Congo, les variétés améliorées de riz ont été introduites par Africa-Rice pour corriger les importations en cette denrée alimentaire et répondre à la satisfaction des besoins des populations. Divers travaux de recherche dont ceux liés à leur adaptabilité, sont en cours de réalisation et une connaissance approfondie des zones appropriées pour le développement de cette culture s’impose. L’objet de cette étude, est d’identifier les différents bassins de production de riz et d’évaluer les potentialités de production de ces variétés améliorées. Pour cela, les enquêtes participatives, ont été réalisées auprès des producteurs ayant bénéficié des variétés améliorées à travers le pays et les expérimentations en milieu contrôlé, ont été mises en place courant 2016 et 2021 à la station de recherche de l’Institut National de Recherche Agronomique à Pointe-Noire. Il s’agit d’un bi-factoriel de 3 blocs, appliqué sur 7 variétés de riz contenant 63 pots de plants sous serre. Les résultats montrent que 1225 acteurs agricoles, sont très impliqués dans la culture de riz et celle-ci, peut être développée dans la quasi-totalité du pays. Aussi, la taille des plants de riz, est de 63,93 à 70,5 cm à maturité. Les rendements en grains, sont de 66,6 à 280,6 kg/ha (localité de Mboukou) contre 188,2 à 272 kg/ha (localité de Sibiti) et de 154,7 à 335 kg/ha (localité de Loudima). Ces résultats, confirment que la culture de riz est très exigeante en termes de productivité et des techniques culturales. Les notions sur les efficiences d’utilisation d’eau des différentes variétés de riz, s’imposent pour le développement de la riziculture en République du Congo.
In the Republic of Congo, improved rice varieties have been introduced by Africa-Rice to correct imports of this food commodity and to meet the needs of the population. Various research works, including those related to their adaptability, are currently being conducted, and a deep understanding of the suitable areas for the development of this crop is essential. The objective of this study is to identify the different rice production basins and to evaluate the production potential of these improved varieties. To this end, participatory surveys were conducted with producers who benefited from the improved varieties across the country, and controlled environment experiments were established between 2016 and 2021 at the research station of the National Agronomic Research Institute in Pointe-Noire. This involves a bi-factorial design with 3 blocks applied to 7 rice varieties containing 63 pots of seedlings in a greenhouse. The results show that 1225 agricultural actors are very involved in rice cultivation, which can be developed throughout almost the entire country. Additionally, the height of rice plants ranges from 63.9 to 70.5 cm at maturity. The grain yields are between 66.6 to 280.6 kg/ha (in the Mboukou locality) compared to 188.2 to 272 kg/ha (in Sibiti locality) and 154.7 to 335 kg/ha (in the Loudima locality). These results confirm that rice cultivation is very demanding in terms of productivity and agricultural techniques. Knowledge about the water use efficiencies of different rice varieties is essential for the development of rice farming in the Republic of Congo
Forces et Faiblesses des Interactions entre le Président de la République et les Autres Institutions de la République Démocratique du Congo lors de la Prise de Bukavu en Février 2025
Get PDFDepuis son indépendance le 30 juin 1960, la République Démocratique du Congo est périodiquement confrontée à de graves crises sécuritaires. Au cours des six dernières décennies, le contexte national et international a connu de profondes mutations, affectant à la fois les intérêts des acteurs et les moyens mobilisés pour les atteindre. Par conséquent, les solutions qui furent jadis efficaces dans la résolution des conflits ne sont plus forcément adaptées aux réalités actuelles. Depuis près de vingt ans, la RDC traverse une série de conflits armés persistants, alimentant l’idée d’une guerre interminable. Les racines de ces crises remontent notamment à l’afflux massif de réfugiés hutus à la suite du génocide rwandais de 1994, suivi de plusieurs rébellions successives. Malgré la signature de divers accords de paix, la situation sécuritaire reste instable. Ces conflits, à la fois localisés et complexes, s’inscrivent dans des enjeux territoriaux, sociaux, identitaires et économiques à l’échelle régionale, nationale et internationale.
S’inscrivant dans une approche explicative fondée sur les stratégies des acteurs politiques impliqués dans la gouvernance des institutions congolaises, cet article analyse, à partir de données théoriques et empiriques, les forces et les faiblesses des interactions entre le Président de la République et les autres institutions pendant la prise de la ville de Bukavu en février 2025. Ce soulèvement a été mené par le groupe rebelle M23, soutenu par l’armée rwandaise selon un rapport des Nations Unies[1]. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent que la crise a mis en évidence certaines capacités de réaction rapide et de coordination institutionnelle. Toutefois, des défaillances sont apparues, notamment en matière de communication, de gestion de l’information, de coordination interinstitutionnelle et de capacité d’anticipation.
[1] https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q= Consulté Dimanche, le 06 Juillet 2025 à 11h40.
Since gaining independence on 30 June 1960, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has periodically faced major security crises. Over the past six decades, both national and international contexts have undergone significant transformations, affecting the interests pursued by key actors and the means employed to achieve them. As a result, strategies that were once effective in conflict resolution have become increasingly obsolete in today’s complex environment. For nearly two decades, the DRC has endured a persistent state of armed conflict, evolving in form and intensity to the point of appearing like an unending war. The root causes of these conflicts trace back to the massive influx of Rwandan Hutu refugees following the 1994 genocide, followed by a series of multifaceted rebellions. Despite numerous peace agreements, lasting stability remains elusive. These conflicts are not only localized but are also deeply connected to broader territorial, social, identity, and economic challenges at regional, national, and international levels. Adopting an explanatory approach grounded in the strategies of political actors and institutional performance, and based on both theoretical frameworks and field data, this article examines the strengths and weaknesses in the interaction between the President of the Republic and other national institutions during the crisis that led to the takeover of Bukavu in February 2025. This event, attributed to the M23 rebel group with alleged support from the Rwandan army, according to a United Nations report, serves as a case study. Findings from this investigation highlight both institutional responsiveness and limitations. While a rapid and somewhat coordinated response was evident, significant weaknesses were noted in inter-institutional communication, coordination, information management, and the ability to anticipate and mitigate future crises
Etude Comparative des Paramètres Anthropométriques de l’Huile de Palme à l’Huile d’Olive Extra Vierge et à l’Huile d’Olive Contaminée
Get PDFL’huile de palme et l’huile d’olive sont des huiles végétales riches en composés bénéfiques pour la santé. Toutefois, la forte teneur en acides gras saturés de l’huile de palme suscite de nombreuses controverses, car leur consommation excessive est associée à diverses pathologies. Ainsi, bien que l’huile de palme soit souvent critiquée, les données scientifiques suggèrent qu’une consommation modérée, dans le cadre d’une alimentation équilibrée, ne présente pas de danger majeur pour la santé. Par ailleurs, l’huile de croton, bien que toxique et cancérigène, est utilisée en homéopathie depuis les années 1800 pour traiter certaines affections, par voie orale ou externe, sous stricte supervision médicale. Dans ce contexte, une étude a été menée pour comparer les effets de la consommation d’huile de palme, d’huile d’olive extra vierge, et d’huile d’olive contaminée à 1 % d’huile de croton sur les paramètres anthropométriques chez le rat Wistar. Cinq lots de 12 rats ont été soumis à différents régimes pendant six mois. Le lot 1 a reçu un régime à base de granulé supplémenté de 20% d’huile d’olive. Le lot 2 a reçu un régime à base de granulé supplémenté de 20% l’huile d’olive contaminée par 1% d’huile de croton. Le lot 3 a reçu un régime standard à base de granulé. Le lot 4 a reçu un régime à base de granulé supplémenté de 20% d’huile de palme brute. Le lot 5 a reçu un régime à base de granulé supplémenté de 20% d’huile de palme raffinée. Les principaux paramètres évalués étaient le gain de poids, la consommation alimentaire et l’hydratation. Au terme de l’expérience, aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les groupes concernant ces paramètres. Cette étude suggère ainsi que la consommation modérée d’huile de palme ne favorise pas systématiquement la prise de poids et pourrait donc être compatible avec une alimentation équilibrée
Palm oil and olive oil are vegetable oils rich in compounds that are beneficial to health. However, the high content of saturated fatty acids in palm oil has given rise to a great deal of controversy, as excessive consumption has been linked to a number of pathologies. Although palm oil is often criticised, scientific data suggests that moderate consumption, as part of a balanced diet, poses no major health risk. Moreover, croton oil, although toxic and carcinogenic, has been used in homeopathy since the 1800s to treat certain ailments, either orally or externally, under strict medical supervision. In this context, a study was conducted to compare the effects of consuming palm oil, extra virgin olive oil and olive oil contaminated with 1% croton oil on anthropometric parameters in Wistar rats. Five batches of 12 rats were fed different diets for six months. Batch 1 received a pelleted diet supplemented with 20% olive oil. Batch 2 received a pellet-based diet supplemented with 20% olive oil contaminated with 1% croton oil. Lot 3 received a standard granulated diet. Lot 4 received a granulated diet supplemented with 20% crude palm oil. Lot 5 received a pelleted diet supplemented with 20% refined palm oil. The main parameters assessed were weight gain, food consumption and hydration. At the end of the experiment, no significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of these parameters. This study therefore suggests that moderate consumption of palm oil does not systematically promote weight gain and could therefore be compatible with a balanced diet
A Thematic Review of Public Performance Study in Public Transportation Services
Get PDFThis article presents a thematic review of studies on public performance in public transport services. Based on a structured analysis of the literature, it explores five major areas: local governance of public services, public management, Delegation of public services management, Public performance steering and Public transportation performance. The aim is to identify the main approaches, key concepts and evaluation criteria used in these fields. A summary diagram of the review is provided to illustrate the links between the various themes addressed. Drawing on the results of the analysis, the article introduces an original interpretation model - the GMDP-TC model - which provides a better understanding of the determinants of performance in the context of public transport. This contribution aims to enrich thinking on improving public performance through better governance and more effective management of transport services
Anomaly Detection in a Portal System Network: A Review of Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions
Get PDFPortal system networks are vital for education, governance, and corporate operations, but face growing risks from evolving cyber threats. This study proposes a hybrid anomaly detection framework that combines the Enhanced Modified Lion Optimization Algorithm (EMLOA) with One-Class Support Vector Machines (OCSVM) to enhance threat detection in such environments. Unlike traditional rule-based or statistical methods, which lack adaptability, or conventional machine learning techniques that demand extensive labeled data and computational power, the EMLOA-OCSVM model achieves high accuracy (99.9%), low training latency (3.05 seconds), and scalability in dynamic settings. The framework employs a sigmoid function-based strategy to dynamically optimize hyperparameters (γ and ν), enhancing convergence speed and detection performance. Evaluations using the UNSW-NB15 dataset (reflecting modern attack patterns) and real-world logs from Lagos State University of Education (LASUED) demonstrate the model’s practical relevance. Key innovations include dynamic threshold tuning and improved interpretability, reducing false positives without sacrificing efficiency. Robust performance is confirmed through accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC metrics. Future research should prioritize lightweight, explainable hybrid models capable of countering advanced threats while maintaining system performance
Impact of Metaverse Technologies Integration on Biotechnological Innovation: A Literature Review
Get PDFThe convergence of metaverse technologies (such as virtual reality, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, and digital twins) into biotechnology is ushering in a new age for the creation of pharmaceuticals, medical science research, and teaching. The interactive and immersive environments enable collaboration without geographical limitations through virtual labs, improve the articulation of complex biological processes, and accelerate experiments using enhanced models powered by artificial intelligence. High-visibility use cases comprise virtual clinical trials founded on digital twin models that simulate individual patient profiles. The application of AI in drug discovery medicine, with its expedited time-to-market and 3D learning environments, enhances the knowledge and procedural precision of biotech professionals. This systematic review focuses on the transformative role of the metaverse in biotechnology, analysing its capacity to enable global collaboration, advanced simulations, and immersive education. By synthesising peer-reviewed literature (2019-2025), we highlight key advancements, such as AI-driven drug discovery and virtual laboratories, while addressing critical challenges, including data privacy, ethical concerns, and computational requirements. In this review, we aim to highlight the metaverse’s potential to transform biotechnological research and emphasise the need for interdisciplinary solutions to harness its benefits. This study employs a qualitative methodological approach, comprising an extensive literature review coupled with a case study analysis, to reflect on the participation of metaverse technologies within the biotechnology sector. Drawing on an analysis of trends in cloud collaboration, digital simulation, immersive learning, and ethical issues, the research provides a critical analysis of the challenges and problems posed by the digital revolution. Key areas discussed in immense detail include data privacy, algorithm bias, computational infrastructure, and regulatory uncertainty. Our findings emphasise the need for interdisciplinary research and the provision of comprehensive ethical and technical guidelines to enable the secure and equitable use of metaverse technologies in biotechnology. This study will primarily contribute to the growing corpus of scholarly literature by providing a concise and logical synthesis of existing knowledge, identifying key areas for future research and development
Teaching Magnetism to Preschoolers through ICT: An Early Childhood Science Approach
Get PDFThis publication aims to explore the introduction of scientific concepts during preschool age, focusing specifically on the natural sciences and the concept of magnetism. The properties and types of magnets were chosen as the central theme based on the children’s interests. The educational process began with a series of structured activities designed by the educator, followed by the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), including educational software and interactive tools used by the children. A key element of the approach was the creation of an improvised story-a fairy tale scenario-that served as a springboard for the implementation of the activities. Through the use of ICT, children were encouraged to explore and verify the concepts of magnetism and magnet properties. The use of these digital tools played a crucial role not only in reinforcing previously acquired knowledge but also in introducing new technological challenges that further enhanced the educational process. In conclusion, the integration of storytelling, hands-on activities, and ICT in teaching magnetism at the preschool level demonstrates the effectiveness of technology in enhancing engagement, understanding, and knowledge retention in early childhood science education. The evidence indicates that the integration of structured educational activities with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) proved to be an effective approach for enhancing preschool children’s conceptual understanding of magnetism. Increased engagement and active participation were observed, as storytelling and play-based methods facilitated the comprehension of core scientific concepts, such as the properties and types of magnets. ICT tools supported experiential learning by enabling children to explore, experiment, and verify acquired knowledge. Improvements were noted in observation skills, the formulation of simple hypotheses, and the ability to draw basic conclusions. Overall, the pedagogical design-enriched through the use of digital technologies, yielded positive learning outcomes and contributed significantly to the development of early scientific thinking within a preschool education context
GIS-Based Modeling of Site Suitability and Capacity for Small Hydropower Generation in Edo State, Southern Nigeria
Get PDFThe study evaluates the suitability of sites for small hydropower development in Edo State, Nigeria, as a renewable energy source. The assessment integrates Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques with hydrogeological and remote sensing data, including precipitation, stream order, geology, slope, land use/land cover, and soil texture. A Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach, specifically the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), was used to rank potential SHP sites based on their suitability for hydropower generation. The analysis identified three highly suitable locations for SHP development. The estimated gross annual energy outputs for these sites were 5.8 MW, 5.65 MW, and 6.1 MW, respectively. These findings indicate significant potential for SHP as a sustainable energy solution in the region. However, further considerations - such as the specific hydropower yield, the river course location, environmental sustainability, socio-cultural factors, and compliance with government policies - are crucial for successful development. The study underscores the importance of SHP in enhancing electrification efforts while promoting environmentally friendly and sustainable energy generation
Effets du Leadership Transformationnel sur la Prévention des Violences Genrées en Milieu Scolaire au Nord-Cameroun
Get PDFDans la région du Nord au Cameroun, les Violences de Genre en Milieu Scolaire (VGMS) sont exacerbées par des facteurs structurels tels que le patriarcat, la pauvreté, les crises sécuritaires et des normes traditionnelles rigides. Ces violences, psychologiques, sexuelles et physiques, affectent les élèves quel que soit leur genre et contribuent à l’abandon scolaire. Elles ont des effets différenciés comme tels que l’isolement chez les filles et l’agressivité chez les garçons. Une étude, menée entre juin et juillet 2020 dans le contexte de la COVID – 19, a exploré l’impact du leadership transformationnel des Conseillers d’Orientation pour la prévention de ces violences. Elle a adopté une méthodologie mixte par choix raisonné, reposé sur 929 participants par questionnaire administré dans 7 lycées et 11 par entretien dans 1 établissement supplémentaire. Elle démontre que les dimensions du leadership transformationnel que sont le charisme transformationnel, la stimulation intellectuelle et la considération individualisé, favorisent un climat scolaire plus sain. Ce style de leadership encourage l’écoute et renforce l’estime de soi des élèves. Il promeut des valeurs de respect et de solidarité. Bien que chaque dimension ait un effet modéré, leur synergie contribue à améliorer les comportements et l’épanouissement des élèves dans les établissements scolaires. Malgré les facteurs structurels, le leadership transformationnel apparaît comme une stratégie pertinente pour réduire les VGMS et soutenir les élèves dans leur développement personnel et éducatif.
In the northern region of Cameroon, gender – based violence in schools (SGBV) is exacerbated by structural factors such as patriarchy, poverty, security crises and rigid traditional norms. This psychological, sexual and physical violence affects pupils of all genders and contributes to school dropout. The effects of such violence vary, from isolation among girls to aggression among boys. A study, carried out between June and July 2020 in the context of COVID–19, explored the impact of the transformational leadership of guidance counsellors in preventing this violence. It adopted a mixed methodology by reasoned choice, based on 929 participants by questionnaire administered in 7 secondary schools and 11 by interview in 1 additional school. She demonstrates that the dimensions of transformational leadership – transformational charisma, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration – foster a healthier school climate. This style of leadership encourages listening and boosts students’ self–esteem. It promotes values of respect and solidarity. Although each dimension has a moderate effect, the synergy between them helps to improve behaviour and student development in schools. Despite the structural factors, transformational leadership appears to be a relevant strategy for reducing SGBV and supporting pupils in their personal and educational development