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Aspects épidémiologiques et causes des décès maternels dans le département de la Donga de 2020 à 2024
Get PDFIntroduction : La mortalité maternelle reste un problème majeur de santé publique, en particulier dans les pays à ressources limitées, comme le Bénin. Malgré les efforts déployés ces dernières années, les décès maternels demeurent préoccupants, notamment en raison des complications obstétricales directes et des causes indirectes, telles que les pathologies médicales associées à la grossesse. Cette étude vise à décrire les aspects épidémiologiques des décès maternels dans le département de la Donga, au Bénin, de 2020 à 2024. Méthodologie : Il s'agit d'une étude descriptive rétrospective réalisée à partir des données issues des audits des décès maternels dans les deux zones sanitaires du département de la Donga : Djougou-Copargo-Ouaké et Bassila. Les données ont été collectées via un formulaire standardisé d’audit, puis analysées en distinguant les causes obstétricales directes et indirectes, conformément à la classification de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Les variables analysées incluent l’année de survenue, les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des femmes décédées, le délai de prise en charge et les circonstances du décès. Résultats : Pour l’ensemble du département de la Donga, le taux de mortalité maternelle cumulé entre 2020 et 2024 est estimé à environ 95,65 décès pour 100 000 naissances vivantes. La majorité des femmes décédées était âgée de 20 à 35 ans (72,00 %) et résidait en milieu rural (74,80 les principales étant les hémorragies post-partum (36,21 %), les troubles hypertensifs de la grossesse, notamment la prééclampsie et l’éclampsie (17,24 %), et la rupture utérine (11,21 %). Les causes indirectes étaient dominées par l’anémie sévère (62,96 %). La majorité des décès (72,70 %) était survenue dans les 24 premières heures suivant l’admission, principalement pendant la période du post-partum (67,80%). Conclusion : La mortalité maternelle dans la Donga demeure préoccupante, avec des causes évitables telles que les hémorragies post-partum et les complications hypertensives. Les résultats de cette étude soulignent la nécessité de renforcer l'accès et la qualité des soins obstétricaux d'urgence, particulièrement en post-partum, et d'améliorer la prévention et la prise en charge des pathologies médicales associées à la grossesse.
Introduction: Maternal mortality remains a major public health problem, particularly in resource-limited countries such as Benin. Despite efforts made in recent years, maternal deaths remain a cause for concern, notably due to direct obstetrical complications and indirect causes, such as medical pathologies associated with pregnancy. This study aims to describe the epidemiological aspects of maternal deaths in the Donga department, Benin, from 2020 to 2024. Methodology: This is a retrospective descriptive study based on data from audits of maternal deaths in the two health zones of Donga department: Djougou-Copargo-Ouaké and Bassila. Data were collected using a standardized audit form, then analyzed by distinguishing between direct and indirect obstetrical causes, in accordance with World Health Organization classification. Variables analyzed included year of occurrence, sociodemographic characteristics of the deceased women, time to care and circumstances of death. Results: For the Donga department as a whole, the cumulative maternal mortality rate between 2020 and 2024 is estimated at around 95.65 deaths per 100,000 live births. The majority of women who died were aged between 20 and 35 years (72.00%) and lived in rural areas (74.80%), the main causes being post-partum haemorrhage (36.21%), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, notably pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (17.24%), and uterine rupture (11.21%). Indirect causes were dominated by severe anemia (62.96%). The majority of deaths (72.70%) occurred within the first 24 hours of admission, mainly in the post-partum period (67.80%). Conclusion: Maternal mortality in Donga remains a cause for concern, with preventable causes such as post-partum haemorrhage and hypertensive complications. The results of this study underline the need to reinforce access to and quality of emergency obstetric care, particularly in the post-partum period, and to improve prevention and management of medical pathologies associated with pregnancy
Competitiveness of Georgian Commercial Banks in the Financial Market
Get PDFThis research explores the competitiveness of Georgian commercial banks, with a particular focus on their financial performance, market positioning, and the role of innovation in sustaining market leadership. A well-functioning banking sector is crucial for the financial stability of a country, as commercial banks play a central role in facilitating the flow of funds within the economy. Efficient banks help save time and resources for both depositors and borrowers. However, the failure of a bank can cause significant harm to both its clients and the broader financial system.
The study aims to assess the competitiveness of Georgian commercial banks, identifying the factors and indicators that contribute to their success in the financial market. By focusing on key financial performance metrics, customer satisfaction, and investor confidence, this research evaluates how leading banks like JSC "TBC Bank" and JSC "Bank of Georgia" maintain their market positions through diverse services, innovative strategies, and effective market segmentation. Other banks, such as JSC "ProCredit Bank" and JSC "Credo Bank," are also analyzed for their unique appeal in the sector.
The research addresses not only the financial indicators but also the importance of innovation and effective management in driving competitiveness. In the current globalized environment, banks must continuously adapt to technological advancements and develop risk management strategies to remain competitive. Therefore, this study also examines how innovations and modern trends, such as direct banking, impact the overall competitiveness of Georgian commercial banks.
In conclusion, by analyzing both financial and non-financial factors, the research provides valuable insights into the key elements that determine the leadership and competitiveness of Georgian commercial banks in today’s financial market
Occupational Health Problems: An Assessment of the Cardiovascular Health Status of Road Construction Workers in Imo State, Nigeria
Get PDFOccupational health problems among road construction workers are a significant concern due to the hazardous nature of their work. Known to be uniquely demanding and highly stressful, road construction work has been linked to cardiovascular problems. This study assessed the cardiovascular health status of road construction workers in Imo State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional descriptive design, data were collected from 353 road construction workers through structured questionnaires and physical assessments, including blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate (PR) measurements. The findings revealed that all the road construction workers were males, 82 (23.2%) had systolic hypertension, 35 (9.9%) had diastolic hypertension, and 22 (6.2%) had tachycardia (elevated PR). However, 269(76.2%) did not have regular medical check-ups. Thus, a significant proportion of road construction workers had poor cardiovascular health status; however, they lacked access to regular medical check-ups and occupational health services. These findings underscore the urgent need for health education, workplace health promotion, and policy-driven interventions that aim at mitigating occupational risks and promoting cardiovascular health among construction workers. The study recommends routine health screening and implementation of wellness programs to enhance workers’ well-being. Addressing these occupational health challenges is crucial for improving productivity and safeguarding the health of road construction workers in Imo State and similar settings
Integrated landscapes approaches – How are they defined, conceptualised, configured and operationalised and for what objectives: Perspectives from the four practices of distributed leadership practices?
Get PDFWhile it is widely recognised that integrated landscape approaches are strategic management and leadership strategies used by project team leadership to design, develop and implement projects within integrated transboundary landscapes and seascapes, it is however, less clear how they are defined, conceptualised, configured and operationalised so as to achieve the desired outcomes. This study contributes to knowledge a new configuration and conceptualisation of the integrated transboundary landscapes and seascapes conceptual framework; the four principles of integrated landscape approaches (1) landscape partnership (2) shared understanding (3) vision and planning and (4) taking actions need to be seen as strategic management and leadership objectives of the activity systems. To achieve this, we explore the relationship between four principles of integrated landscape approaches (1) Landscape Partnership (2) Shared Understanding (3)Vision and Planning and (4) Taking Action as strategic management and leadership objectives drawing theoretical foundations from the four widely used distributed leadership practices: engaging leadership practice, developing leadership practice, enabling leadership practice and the empowering leadership practice. Implications for practitioners from the results of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) suggest the existence of a strong relationship between the integrated landscape approaches and the four practices of distributed leadership. It is revealed that (i) they draw from theoretical foundations; (ii) they are independent from one another; (iii) there is a very high level of cross-loading amongst them; (iv) they can be integrated into a form of a network of activity systems; (v) to function effectively and achieve desired outcomes they need to be enacted following an order of primacy; (vi) they are in the form of a normative decisio- making framework
Financial Innovation, Bank Liquidity and Entrepreneurship Support: The Case of Commercial Banks in Bamenda, Cameroon
Get PDFCommercial bank liquidity remains a critical issue globally, especially in emerging regions like Bamenda, Cameroon, where fluctuating liquidity levels pose challenges to financial stability and operational efficiency for banks. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of Financial Innovation and Entrepreneurship Support on the Liquidity Position of Commercial Banks in Bamenda. Employing a cross-sectional survey design, primary data were collected through structured questionnaires from 39 bank officials, analyzed using a multinomial cumulative probit model to capture the ordinal nature of the variables under examination. The findings indicate that Financial Innovation has a statistically significant effect on bank liquidity, whereas Entrepreneurship Support shows a non-significant positive effect. The model’s goodness-of-fit measures suggest a robust representation of the data, and the results reveal that Financial Innovation has a more prominent effect on liquidity position than Entrepreneurship Support within the context of the study. Based on these findings, it is recommended that banks and policymakers enhance the development and adoption of innovative financial solutions to optimize resource allocation and stabilize liquidity levels. Additionally, fostering entrepreneurship through targeted financial products could further improve liquidity resilience. Strengthening capacity-building initiatives on Financial Innovations and Entrepreneurship Financing is crucial to ensuring sustainable liquidity management and economic growth in Bamenda’s banking sector
Niveaux et facteurs du sous-emploi au Burkina Faso : Place de la structure informelle de l’économie
Get PDFLe tissu économique du Burkina Faso repose en grande partie sur le secteur informel, où prédominent des formes d’emploi précaires et peu réglementées. Cette étude explore les facteurs influençant le sous-emploi au Burkina Faso, en soulignant le rôle de l’économie informelle et en proposant solutions engageables pour y faire face. Les données utilisée dans cette étude proviennent de l’Enquête régionale intégrée sur l’emploi et le secteur informel (ERI-ESI), réalisée entre mars et juin 2018 auprès d’un échantillon de 13 885 ménages répartis dans les 13 régions du Burkina Faso. Compte tenu de la nature binaire de la variable d’intérêt, l’analyse a été réalisée à l’aide d’un modèle de régression logistique. Les résultats indiquent un taux de sous-emploi global de 23,16 %, avec une prévalence plus marquée dans le secteur informel (23,32 %) comparé au secteur formel (16,52 %). L’étude met également en évidence plusieurs facteurs qui influence cette situation. Il s’agit du milieu de résidence, la catégorie socio-professionnelle, le niveau d’instruction, le type d’emploi et le genre. Etre une femme augmente de 2,16 fois la probabilité d’être en situation de sous-emploi. Ces résultats soulignent l’urgence de mettre en place des interventions ciblées en faveur des femmes, de promouvoir des activités de contre saison et de renforcer les campagnes de sensibilisation pour faciliter l’accès à l’information sur les opportunités du marché du travail notamment pour les femmes.
The economy of Burkina Faso is characterized by a predominance of the informal sector and precarious employment. This study explores the factors influencing underemployment in Burkina Faso, focusing on the root causes of this phenomenon, particularly the informal structure of the economy, as well as potential strategies to address it. The data used come from the Integrated Regional Survey on Employment and the Informal Sector (ERI-ESI), conducted from March to June 2018, and cover a sample of 13,885 households across the 13 regions of Burkina Faso. Given the binary nature of the variable of interest, a logistic regression model was used. The results reveal that the underemployment rate stands at 23.16%, with a higher rate in the informal sector (23.32%) compared to the formal sector (16.52%). Factors influencing this phenomenon include place of residence, socio-professional category, level of education, type of employment, and gender. Being a woman increases the risk of underemployment by 2.16 times. These results highlight the urgency of implementing targeted interventions for women, promoting off-season activities, and strengthening awareness campaigns to improve workers' access to information, particularly for women, in the labor market
English translation and validation of the Afterlife Belief Scale for British Muslims
Get PDFThe purpose of the current study was to translate and validate the Afterlife Belief scale into the English language. To translate the scale, the forward-backward method was used. Through the committee approach, the English version of the scale was finalized. The English version of the Afterlife Belief Scale was administered to a sample of 300 British Muslims, with a mean age of 34.5 and a standard deviation of 3.5. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and the results revealed excellent model fit indices with a two-factor structure. The original scale had a three-factor structure; however, in the current study, all items related to extinction-based afterlife Belief were found to have low loadings, so analysis was carried out on the remaining items. Keeping in view the results and feedback from participants and experts, the two-factor structure was finalized with excellent model fit indices (CFI, GFI, TLI, RMSEA, RMR). Alpha reliability indices of both subscales were excellent. Furthermore, in order to find the convergent and divergent validity evidence, the English version of the Afterlife Belief Scale, the Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale, the Arabic Death Anxiety Scale, and the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity Scale were administered to the 150 British Muslims. Correlation analysis provided evidence of convergent validity as afterlife beliefs were found to be correlated with death anxiety, scrupulosity, and religiosity. The findings support the English version of the Afterlife Belief Scale as a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing afterlife beliefs among British Muslims
Approche sociologique de l’économie Informelle dans la ville de Bouaké en Côte d’Ivoire
Get PDFCette recherche porte sur l’économie de la précarité dans la ville de Bouaké, deuxième pôle urbain de la Côte d’Ivoire, caractérisé par une forte diversité ethnique, la prépondérance du secteur informel et l’impact de crises socio-politiques récentes. Son objectif principal est d’analyser les mécanismes sociologiques structurant cette économie en s’intéressant aux activités précaires (vente de vivriers, restauration, artisanat, commerce d’électronique de seconde main, travail du sexe), aux stratégies de survie des acteurs et à leur impact sur le développement urbain. Adoptant une démarche qualitative et s’appuyant sur la théorie de la structuration sociale sociaux structuration sociale, l’étude mobilise l’observation directe et des entretiens semi-directifs. Notre démarche porte sur le rôle des dynamiques sociales et des réseaux communautaires dans la structuration et la reproduction de l’économie informelle. En ce sens, les résultats montrent que l’économie précaire s’organise autour de réseaux sociaux et ethniques, avec une hiérarchisation fondée sur la rentabilité et une adaptation continue aux contraintes urbaines. Les stratégies économiques incluent la diversification des activités, le recours à des systèmes de crédit informel et la création de solidarités professionnelles. Bien que cette économie renforce les liens communautaires et stabilise le tissu social en créant des emplois informels, elle reste marquée par des défis tels que la précarité des conditions de travail, l’absence de protection sociale et la vulnérabilité aux chocs économiques.
This research focuses on the economy of precarity in the city of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire’s second-largest urban hub, characterized by significant ethnic diversity, a predominant informal sector, and the lasting effects of recent socio-political crises. The main objective is to analyze the sociological mechanisms underpinning this economy, examining precarious activities (selling foodstuffs, street food, artisanal work, second-hand electronics trade, and sex work), survival strategies, and their impact on urban development. Using a qualitative approach grounded in the theory of social structuration, the study employs direct observation and semi-structured interviews. Our research focuses on the role of social dynamics and community networks in the structuring and reproduction of the informal economy. In this regard, findings reveal that the precarious economy is structured around social and ethnic networks, with activities ranked by profitability and continuous adaptation to urban constraints. Economic strategies include activity diversification, reliance on informal credit systems, and the establishment of professional solidarities. While this economy strengthens community bonds and provides informal employment, it faces persistent challenges, such as precarious working conditions, lack of social protection, and vulnerability to economic shocks
Les évolutions du travail en milieu hospitalier au Bénin à travers les interventions publiques dans le secteur de la santé de 2018 à 2023
Get PDFLes interventions publiques dans le secteur de la santé, les cinq dernières années, ont impacté le modèle d'organisation du travail en milieu hospitalier avec un redimensionnement de l'offre sanitaire. L'espace et les heures du travail ont été modifiés et l'offre hospitalière réorganisée avec une restructuration des process de prise en charge des patients. Cette réorganisation du travail hospitalier a engendré une restriction des mouvements syndicaux qui a conduit à une déconstruction des formes de solidarités des professionnels de santé et à une remise en cause des habitudes de production de soins considérées comme surrénales et contre-productives. La mobilisation de nouvelles logiques orientées vers l'optimisation de la prise en charge sanitaire des patients s'est érigée en mode de gouvernance hospitalière fondée sur une réorganisation de la plateforme sanitaire avec comme corollaire une remise en question des réflexes paralégaux. On assiste à une réorganisation des services médicaux et paramédicaux qui a affecté les emplois, les conditions de travail et les relations entre travailleurs et dirigeants hospitaliers. Le présent article restitue une recherche empirique qui vise à analyser les évolutions du travail en milieu hospitalier induites par les actions publiques intervenues entre 2018 et 2023 dans le secteur de la santé béninois. Ces interventions publiques soulèvent bien des interrogations : quelles sont les dynamiques sociales associées aux actions publiques dans le secteur de la santé ? quels sont les facteurs explicatifs des politiques publiques dans la fourniture des services et soins hospitaliers ? quels sont les effets de ces interventions publiques ? Ces préoccupations majeures ont orienté l'enquête suivant trois objectifs : apprécier les logiques sous-jacentes aux actions publiques dans le secteur de santé ; identifier les déterminants liés aux interventions publiques en milieu hospitalier ; inventorier les effets induits par les actions publiques sanitaires. La démarche méthodologique est fondamentalement qualitative. Collectés au moyen d'entretien directif, les corpus ont été analysés suivant la théorie de l’action publique associée à l’approche interactionniste. La restriction de l'espace d'intervention des professionnels de santé, le redimensionnement des rapports de travail sur fond de précarisation de l'emploi induit par une législation contraignante, la réduction des effectifs etc. sont les principaux résultats de l'enquête.
Public interventions in the health sector, the last five years, impacted the model of work organization in the hospital area with a change in health care services. This reorganization of hospital work has caused a restriction of syndical movements, which has led to a deconstruction of solidarity forms of health professionals and to a questioning of care production habits considered adrenal and counterproductive. The mobilization of new logics oriented towards the optimization of patient health care has become a mode of hospital governance based on a reorganization of the health platform, with, as a corollary, a questioning of paralegal reflexes. We witness a disorganization of medical and paramedical services that has affected jobs, work conditions, and relations between workers and hospital managers. This article presents an empirical research which aims to analyze the evolutions of work in the hospital area induced by public actions executed between 2018 and 2023 in the Beninese health sector. These public interventions raise many questions. What are the social dynamics associated with public actions in the health sector? What are the explanatory factors of public actions in the offer of hospital services and care? What are the effects of these public interventions? These major questions guided the investigation, which aims to: appreciate the logic underlying the public actions in the health sector; identify the determinants linked to public interventions in the hospital area; inventory the effects induced by public health actions. The methodological approach is fundamentally qualitative. Collected by a directive interview, the corpora were analyzed according to the theory of public action associated with the interactionist approach. The main results of the survey are: the restriction of the scope of intervention of health professionals, the resizing of employment relationships underground a backdrop of job insecurity induced by restrictive legislation, the reduction of staff, etc