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Pour une formation universitaire à l’interférence langagière
Full text linkCette étude porte sur le phénomène de l’interférence linguistique entre l’arabe libanais et le français chez des étudiantes en formation pour devenir enseignantes de français dans le cycle primaire au Liban. Elle vise à identifier les types d’interférences les plus fréquentes, à en analyser les causes et à évaluer l’efficacité d’une séance de remédiation ciblée. La méthodologie adoptée relève de la recherche-action et comprend une enquête diagnostique, une intervention pédagogique collective, ainsi qu’une évaluation des effets de cette intervention. Les données recueillies auprès d’un groupe de 12 étudiantes ont été analysées à la fois de manière quantitative et qualitative. Les résultats révèlent une prévalence marquée des interférences morphosyntaxiques et lexicales, mais également une nette amélioration des performances langagières après la séance de remédiation, notamment grâce au travail collaboratif et à la mobilisation de règles explicites. L’étude suggère que l’interférence ne doit pas être perçue uniquement comme une entrave, mais comme une opportunité didactique permettant de développer la conscience métalinguistique des apprenantes. Des recommandations sont formulées à trois niveaux : la formation des enseignants, l’engagement des étudiants, et l’adaptation du curriculum universitaire. Dans un contexte multilingue et en crise comme celui du Liban, cette recherche met en lumière la nécessité d’intégrer une prise en charge explicite de l’interférence dans la formation initiale des enseignants de français.
This study focuses on linguistic interference between Lebanese Arabic and French among female students training to become primary school French teachers in Lebanon. It aims to identify the most frequent types of interference, analyze their causes, and assess the effectiveness of a targeted remediation session. The research follows an action-research methodology that includes a diagnostic survey, a collective pedagogical intervention, and an evaluation of its outcomes. Data were collected from a group of 12 students and analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results reveal a high occurrence of morphosyntactic and lexical interference, but also a significant improvement in language performance after the remediation session, particularly through collaborative work and the application of explicit language rules. The study suggests that interference should not be viewed solely as an obstacle, but rather as a didactic opportunity to enhance learners' metalinguistic awareness. Recommendations are proposed on three levels: teacher training, student engagement, and curriculum design. In a multilingual and crisis-affected context like Lebanon, this research highlights the urgent need to explicitly address interference in initial teacher education for French as a foreign language
Sacré et culture politique dans le Maroc précolonial: Approche anthropologique
Full text linkLa culture politique au Maroc reconnaissait le souverain marocain comme étant une personne sacrée. La sacralité royale fondée sur la détention de la baraka, structure la vie à la cour des sultans, et leurs rapports aux sujets. La dimension sacrée du pouvoir de la monarchie ainsi que celle qui se rapporte à la force et la violence, sont en rapport avec le rang et la naissance du souverain marocain. Le monde profane est gouverné par une personne sacrée. Moulay Hassan représente l’exemple du sultan marocain ayant le monopole de la force physique légitime ainsi que la force spirituelle. L’approche anthropologique nous permet de s’approcher des acteurs et de décrire les situations dans lesquelles se manifeste la réalité spirituelle du souverain. Les historiographes proches de la cour du sultan marocain seront privilégiés que d’autres, suivant le principe de la proximité méthodologique. La structure du pouvoir monarchique s’accorde avec le principe général de la légitimité du pouvoir: la descendance du prophète, l’héritier de la baraka, et leur commandeur des croyants.
Political culture in Morocco recognized the Moroccan sovereign as a sacred person. Royal sacredness, based on the possession of baraka (spiritual blessing), shaped life at the sultans' court and their relationship with their subjects. The sacred nature of monarchy, as well as its connection to power and violence, is related to the sovereign's lineage and noble birth. The secular world was ruled by a sacred person. Moulay Hassan is an example of a Moroccan sultan who held both legitimate physical power and spiritual authority. The anthropological approach helps us get closer to the actors and describe the situations in which the sovereign’s spiritual reality is expressed. Historiographers close to the Moroccan court were given more importance than others, following the principle of methodological proximity. The structure of monarchical power fits with the general principle of legitimacy: being a descendant of the Prophet, inheritor of baraka, and commander of the faithful
Visual Attention Distribution According to Size, Color, and Spatial Location of Stimuli under Foveal and Peripheral Vision Conditions
Full text linkVisual attention allows individuals to select the information most relevant to ongoing behavior. Attention mechanisms serve two critical roles. First, attention can be used to select behaviorally relevant information and/or to ignore irrelevant or distracting information. Second, attention can modulate or enhance the selected information according to the perceiver’s state and goals. With attention, perceivers are more than passive receivers of information. They become active seekers and processors, able to interact intelligently with their environment. Among the characteristics of visual stimuli, size can refer to the spatial extent of an item. Searching for the largest item is particularly efficient. Regarding color, it has long been accepted as a pre-attentive feature.
The aim of our research was to determine the importance of three characteristics of a visual object – size, color, and location in the visual field in the process of attention distribution under central and peripheral vision conditions. The study consisted of two series: in the first, the subjects performed the given task without reading any text; in the second, they performed the task while reading a running text. The study involved 40 volunteers of both sexes, aged 20 to 40 (mean age ± 32), with normal or corrected vision (visus > 0.8). All participants were right-handers and left-to-right readers. Gender distribution was balanced, and all participants were right-handed and left-to-right readers.
In the no-text experiment (without additional information), when foveal information is scarce, attention distribution based on the size of the stimuli is more refined, and such stimuli are detected faster than in the text experiment (with additional information), where foveal information plays a more significant role. In both the no-text and text experiments, yellow and red stimuli are detected faster than green and blue. We assume that when perceiving a scene, the eye begins moving from the upper left corner to the lower left area, then to the lower right, and finally to the upper right during the no-text series, when focal information is scarce. Apparently, regardless of stimulus parameters and the intensity of the information flow, stimuli located in the upper left corner of the scene are perceived faster. This may be due to the habitual left-to-right reading pattern, or one can also pay attention to the phenomenon of pseudoneglect, which is often left-sided
Sectoral Interconnectedness: insights from five sectors in ‘smart’ urban planning (Energy, Transport, Waste Management, Buildings, and Cities)
Full text link‘Smart’ urban planning has become essential for addressing contemporary urban challenges, with sectoral interconnectedness at its core for achieving sustainable, efficient, and resilient cities. Yet it remains unknown to what extent the elements of smart are interlinked across the sectors. Therefore, this paper examines the degree of interconnectedness across five smart sectors: Energy, Transport, Waste management, Buildings, and Smart cities, covering site to city-wide scale. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining qualitative thematic coding and quantitative correlation analysis using NVivo's suite of cluster analysis tools. Strong interconnectedness was identified between the Energy and Transport sectors, driven by digital transformation and data-driven decision-making. In contrast, weak interconnectedness was observed between transformative cross-sectoral (CS) goals such as climate adaptation and sustainability. Smart Cities was the most interconnected sector, acting as a central platform where CS goals like sustainability, digital transformation, and real-time data utilization converge. Nevertheless, sectoral silos and inconsistent interoperability threaten the realization of holistic smart urban outcomes. This highlights the urgent need for cohesive frameworks that systematically align CS goals across sectors, ensuring that technological innovations contribute meaningfully to long-term environmental and social objectives. The paper’s insights can help policymakers and practitioners strengthen cross-sector collaboration, optimize urban systems, and promote integrated, adaptive, and sustainable smart urban planning
La modélisation numérique dans la démarche d’investigation : Quel impact sur l'acquisition des concepts scientifiques chez les apprenants du primaire?
Full text linkDans cette recherche nous cherchons à évaluer l’impact de la modélisation numérique dans la démarche d’investigation sur l’acquisition des concepts scientifiques liées aux sciences de la vie par les élèves du primaire. Dans le cadre d’une démarche de recherche-action réalisée au sein d’un établissement privé de Marrakech, deux groupes d’élèves de 6 ème année primaire, composés de 18 enfants âgés de 10 à 11 ans, ont été impliqués dans l’étude. La collecte des données s'est déroulée en plusieurs phases ; un pré-test sous forme d’une évaluation diagnostique écrite a été administré aux apprenants, après un post-test sous forme d’une évaluation sommative écrite a été effectué pour comparer les progrès réalisés dans chaque groupe et évaluer l’impact de la modélisation numérique sur la compréhension des concepts scientifiques. L’analyse des résultats du pré-test et du post-test met en évidence l’impact de la modélisation numérique sur la compréhension des concepts liés à la reproduction humaine. Au départ, les deux groupes (témoin et expérimental) affichaient des niveaux de connaissances similaires en relation avec la reproduction humaine. Cependant, le post-test met en évidence une amélioration conceptuel notable chez le groupe expérimental. L’intégration des modèles numériques sous forme de simulations de phénomènes biologiques, tels que la fécondation et le cycle menstruel, pour aider les élèves à visualiser et comprendre ces processus complexes de manière interactive et dynamique semble avoir facilité une organisation plus structurée des connaissances liées à la reproduction chez l’Homme. Les résultats indiquent que les outils d’investigation tels que la modélisation numérique, contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes biologiques complexes.
In this research, we seek to evaluate the impact of digital modelling in the investigative process on primary school learners' acquisition of scientific concepts related to life sciences. As part of an action-research approach carried out in a private school in Marrakech, two groups of 6th-grade primary students, composed of 18 children aged 10 to 11, were covered in the study. Data collection took place over several phases; A pre-test in the form of a written diagnostic assessment was administered to the learners, after a post-test in the form of a written summative assessment was carried out to compare the progress made in each group and to assess the impact of digital modelling on the understanding of scientific concepts. The analysis of the pre-test and post-test results highlights the impact of digital modelling on the understanding of concepts related to human reproduction. Initially, the two groups (control and experimental) had similar levels of knowledge related to human reproduction. However, the post-test showed a noteworthy conceptual improvement for the experimental group. The integration of digital models in the form of simulations of biological phenomena, such as fertilization and the menstrual cycle, to help students visualize and understand these complex processes in an interactive and dynamic manner seems to have facilitated a more structured organization of knowledge related to human reproduction. The results indicate that investigative tools such as digital modelling contribute to a better understanding of complex biological phenomena
Compliance with the Adversarial Principle During Deviation From Charges: A Case Study of Georgia
Full text linkIn accordance with the first part of Article 9 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia (CPCG), from the moment of commencement of criminal prosecution, criminal proceedings are conducted based on the adversarial principle and the equality of arms. Part two of Article 25 of the same Code states that the collection, presentation, and examination of evidence fall within the competence of the parties, and the court does not participate in this process, except in rare cases. This paper addresses the following issue of whether a court, on its own initiative, may qualify a charge and find a person guilty of an action that the prosecution does not dispute at all. Specifically, when the court independently intervenes in the qualification of the claim, does it violate the principle of CPCG. How should such actions by the court be understood, and, in general, does the court have the right to find a person guilty of an offense that the prosecution has not disputed throughout the entire process?! The study examines both the approach of the European Court on this matter and the practice of national courts regarding the reclassification of the claim, particularly what the court considers a deviation from the charge and the range of the reclassification of the charge. The article also includes a discussion of applicable legal norms and judicial practice and provides conclusions
De la logistique militaire au Supply Chain Management:évolution historique, transformations industrielles et innovations technologiques
Full text linkCet article retrace de manière chronologique et analytique l’évolution du concept de logistique, depuis ses origines militaires jusqu’à son intégration dans les modèles de gestion contemporaine, marqués par la digitalisation et la globalisation. D’abord fonction tactique destinée à soutenir les armées, la logistique s’est progressivement étendue au domaine économique, devenant un pilier organisationnel des entreprises durant l’ère industrielle. À partir des années 1970, sous l’effet des mutations de la demande, des chocs pétroliers et de la mondialisation, elle se transforme en un système intégré : la chaîne logistique (Supply Chain), puis en gouvernance stratégique via le Supply Chain Management. L’étude met en lumière trois grandes phases d’évolution logistique (séparée, intégrée, coopérée) et souligne l’impact majeur des révolutions industrielles - notamment la 4.0 et 5.0 - sur la refonte des processus logistiques. Enfin, l’analyse présente les catalyseurs technologiques (IA, IoT, Big Data, Blockchain, Cloud, exosquelettes) qui redéfinissent aujourd’hui les paradigmes de performance, de résilience et de durabilité logistique.
This article explores the historical and conceptual evolution of logistics, from its military origins to its current status as a strategic pillar in globalized and digitalized supply chains. Initially developed to ensure the mobility and supply of armed forces, logistics has undergone successive transformations, driven by industrial revolutions, market dynamics, and technological advancements. During the post-war period, it progressively integrated into business functions, evolving from isolated operations to coordinated systems under the concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM). Through a tripartite framework - separated logistics, integrated logistics, and cooperative logistics - this study highlights the growing interdependence among supply chain actors and the shift toward collaborative governance. The analysis also emphasizes the disruptive role of emerging technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, Blockchain, Big Data, Cloud Computing, and exoskeletons, in reshaping logistics strategies. These technologies enable firms to enhance traceability, optimize performance, manage risk, and foster sustainability across the entire supply chain
L’Esprit Critique : l’un des défis de l’enseignement supérieur au Maroc
Full text linkA travers une approche qualitative, cet article vise à démontrer que l’enseignement, en général, et l’enseignement supérieur, en particulier, sont affectés parla globalisation. Une analyse de la situation de l’enseignement au Maroc nous a montré que la période du Covid-19 a accéléré l’utilisation des nouvelles technologies dans l’enseignement, vue la longue période de quarantaine qui a été observée dans le pays, mais a grandement ignoré le développement des pédagogies et méthodes de travail. En se basant sur plusieurs lectures critiques de Bertrand Russell et Harold Bloom, nous avons conclus que les nouvelles technologies ont abouti à une situation où les lecteurs et les utilisateurs non-critiques de ces technologies considèrent n’importe quelle source d’information comme porteuse de réalité et de faits. L’introduction de l’esprit critique dans le curriculum universitaire au Maroc est devenue une nécessité visant à revisiter une méthode d’éducation qui rend l’apprenant plus alerte aux différentes manipulations dont il/elle est sujet.
Through a qualitative approach, this article aims to demonstrate that education in general and higher education in particular are affected by globalization. An analysis of the teaching situation in Morocco showed us that the Covid-19 period has accelerated the use of new technologies in teaching, given the long period of quarantine observed in Morocco, but has largely ignored the development of pedagogies and teaching methods. Based on several critical readings of Bertrand Russell and Harold Bloom, we concluded that new technologies have led to a situation where non-critical readers and users of these technologies consider any source of information as the bearer of reality and facts. The introduction of critical thinking into the university curriculum in Morocco has become a necessit, which aims to revisit an education method that makes the learner more alert to the different manipulations to which he/she is subject
Facteurs explicatifs de la Déscolarisation des enfants en Côte d’Ivoire : cas de Koffi-Amonkro
Full text linkCette étude vise à comprendre les facteurs explicatifs de la déscolarisation des enfants dans la localité de Koffi-Amonkro. L’enquête s’est appuyée sur les témoignages de 22 enfants déscolarisés dans une perspective phénoménologique. Les données ont été recueillies à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Elles ont été analysées à travers la « méthode d’analyse mixte ». Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la pauvreté des parents d’élèves, la négligence des parents d’élèves, les grossesses en milieu scolaire, le faible niveau d’expression en langue française des élèves, l’insuffisance de rendement scolaire et le faible niveau d’éducation des parents d’élèves sont des facteurs explicatifs de la déscolarisation de certains enfants à Koffi-Amonkro en Côte d’Ivoire.
This study aims to understand the explanatory factors behind the dropout of children in the locality of Koffi-Amonkro. The survey relied on the testimonies of 22 dropouts following a phenomenological approach. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed through a mixed-method analysis. The results indicate that parental poverty, parental neglect, pregnancies within the school environment, the low level of proficiency in the French language among students, insufficient academic performance, and the low level of parental education are explanatory factors for the dropout of children in Koffi-Amonkro, Côte d'Ivoire
A Phenomenological and Qualitative Pilot Study Addressing the Necessary Competencies for Becoming a Competent Sandtray Therapy Practitioner
Full text linkThis phenomenological and qualitative pilot study aimed to understand mental health practitioners' perspectives on the competencies that sandtray therapy providers should include in their training programs for individuals to become competent sandtray therapy practitioners. While this creative and sensory-based approach was developed for young children, mental health practitioners have found it a valuable therapeutic tool for non-verbally communicating their innermost thoughts and feelings across the lifespan. Even though sandtray therapy has been used by mental health practitioners for over thirty years as an alternative to traditional talk therapy, it is not widely recognized as an evidence-based psychotherapeutic approach by the mental health profession. Through semi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion, the study’s four participants articulated how the International Association of Sandtray Therapy (IAST) training program imparted specialized knowledge and skills essential for mental health practitioners in developing vital competencies to become competent sandtray therapy practitioners. While the World Association of Sand Therapy Professionals (WASTP) has proposed that sandtray therapy training programs adopt a universal set of competencies, the study’s four participants debated whether this is necessary. Analysis of the study’s data revealed three themes: professional integration of sandtray therapy, integrating somatic experiences and neurological processes, and establishing criteria for becoming a competent sandtray therapy practitioner. This pilot study examined how these three themes relate to the competencies these participants perceived as critical for becoming competent sandtray therapy practitioners