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Dynamique Spatio-Temporelle des Paramètres Hydrologiques et Influence sur la Salinité de l’estuaire de la Bouche du Roy
Full text linkL’estuaire de la Bouche du Roy constitue une interface dynamique entre les eaux continentales et marines, jouant un rôle essentiel dans les échanges hydrologiques, biologiques et écologiques. Du fait de sa salinité particulière, il abrite des fonctions écosystémiques stratégiques. Afin de caractériser la dynamique spatio-temporelle de ses paramètres hydrologiques et leur influence sur la salinité, un échantillonnage systématique a été réalisé sur trente et une (31) stations, dont six localisées aux embouchures et vingt-cinq réparties de manière équidistante dans l’estuaire. Les paramètres hydrologiques (vitesse et direction des courants, hauteur d’eau) et physico-chimiques (température, salinité, turbidité, oxygène dissous et conductivité) ont été mesurés trois fois par saison sur une année complète. Les résultats montrent que la transparence de l’eau et la température de l’air sont significativement plus faibles en saison pluvieuse (45,03 cm ; 25,42 °C) qu’en saison sèche (60,42 cm ; 28,25 °C) (p < 0,001). À l’inverse, la profondeur moyenne est nettement plus élevée en saison pluvieuse (3,41 m) qu’en saison sèche (2,12 m) (p < 0,001). Par ailleurs, la conductivité exerce un effet très significatif (p < 0,001) sur la salinité en profondeur, indépendamment de la saison. En surface, la salinité varie de 0 à 3,50 S.m⁻¹ en saison sèche et de 0 à 1,80 S.m⁻¹ en saison pluvieuse. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le rôle déterminant des paramètres hydrologiques et physico-chimiques dans la variabilité saisonnière de la salinité de l’estuaire, offrant ainsi des perspectives utiles pour la gestion durable et la conservation de ce milieu sensible.
The Bouche du Roy estuary represents a dynamic interface between continental and marine waters, playing a crucial role in hydrological, biological, and ecological exchanges. Owing to its particular salinity regime, it supports key ecosystem functions. To investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of hydrological parameters and their influence on salinity, a systematic sampling was conducted across thirty-one (31) stations, including six at the estuarine mouths and twenty-five distributed equidistantly along the estuary. Hydrological (current velocity and direction, water depth) and physico-chemical parameters (temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity) were measured three times per season over a full annual cycle. Results reveal that water transparency and air temperature were significantly lower during the rainy season (45.03 cm; 25.42 °C) compared to the dry season (60.42 cm; 28.25 °C) (p < 0.001). Conversely, the average water depth was significantly higher in the rainy season (3.41 m) than in the dry season (2.12 m) (p < 0.001). Conductivity exerted a highly significant influence (p < 0.001) on salinity at depth, regardless of season. At the surface, salinity ranged from 0 to 3.50 S.m⁻¹ in the dry season and from 0 to 1.80 S.m⁻¹ in the rainy season. These findings highlight the strong seasonal variability of hydrological and physico-chemical parameters driving salinity in the Bouche du Roy estuary and provide valuable insights for the sustainable management and conservation of this sensitive ecosystem
Metabolic Syndrome and Rheumatic Diseases in Chad: Prevalence, Associated Factors and Clinical Impact
Full text linkObjective: To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its clinical impact among patients with rheumatic diseases in Chad.Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted at the HRT Rheumatology Department from January 2018 to May 2024. Among 5000 patients, 330 fulfilled IDF and 214 WHO criteria for MS. Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data, as well as functional scores (Short Form-36 (SF-36), Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)), were systematically analyzed.Results: MS prevalence was 6.6% (IDF) and 4.3% (WHO). The cohort was predominantly female (88.7%), with a mean age of 49.8 ± 12.4 years. The most frequent components were abdominal obesity (93.0%), hypertension (89.7%), and hyperglycemia (64.8%). Associated diseases included connective tissue disorders (40.9%), degenerative conditions (34.3%), and autoinflammatory diseases (24.8%). After a mean two-year follow-up, functional and quality-of-life scores improved, although 13 patients developed cardio-renal complications. This retrospective single-center design may limit the generalizability of our findings. Conclusions: MS is common among rheumatology patients in Chad and worsens disease prognosis. Systematic screening and multidisciplinary management are essential to improve outcomes and quality of life
The Female Dimension of the Board of Directors and its Impact on Firm Value: A Narrative Review
Full text linkThe aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the female presence on boards of directors and its impact on value creation. Creating value within companies is crucial because it ensures long-term sustainability, strengthens competitiveness, and enhances the ability to respond to crises and market changes. Boards of directors are the core decision-making bodies, where strategic choices are made that determine the future trajectory of organizations. In this sense, “value” must be understood as economic performance and the broader set of tangible and intangible benefits contributing to innovation, resilience, and stakeholder trust. We started from the following RQ: “How does female representation on boards of directors influence firm value?”. To answer this, we provided a critical and narrative review of the most significant academic research papers dedicated to studying the culture of women’s enterprises. The search was conducted using Scopus. The study was conducted to offer a new key to reading these phenomena.
Our findings indicate a significant increase in publications on this topic starting from 2019, peaking in 2023 with nine research papers. What emerges is that female representation on boards of directors has a positive impact, but it is not uniform. For instance, it strengthens firm value, but the intensity of benefits depends on the institutional, cultural, and sectoral context in which the company operates
The Impact of Marketing Communications on Consumer Behavior
Full text linkMarketing is a crucial function in organizations that aim to retain existing customers and attract new ones to achieve long-term, sustainable profitability. The current technological developments in communication media have made it easy for the marketing communication function to perform at its full capacity. The primary objective of marketing communication is to create consumer awareness about the products and services offered. Hence, sometimes organizations may rely solely on digital channels to raise product and service awareness and build brands. On the other hand, they may concentrate on different marketing channels, using cross-marketing, including traditional channels like TV and radio and parallel digital channels. Depending on the situation, companies use multiple communication channels to influence consumers’ buying decisions and their behavior toward brands. The Saudi telecom players have been deliberately investing in marketing activities to influence consumers across genders, nationalities, groups, and ages. They have been investing in traditional communication channels during the last decade. Their messages were distributed among all traditional channels, especially TV, outdoor, and Radio. Understanding of varying consumer behavioral patterns, such as motivation, knowledge, and information processing, will aid in designing, building, and implementing effective marketing communication strategies
Prevalence of Thalassemia in Children in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Full text linkThalassemia is a blood disorder caused by numerous inherited mutations in the globin gene. This meta-analysis aimed to provide an update on the prevalence of thalassemia in Africa between 2007 and 2025. A systematic literature search was conducted across the PubMed, AJOL, and Google Scholar databases to identify studies published between 2007 and 2025, using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality assessment was performed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for prevalence studies. The heterogeneity of the included studies was assessed using the I2 and Q statistics. Funnel plots and Egger tests were performed to determine publication bias in this meta-analysis. The pooled 95% confidence interval (95% CI) prevalence of thalassemia across studies was determined using a generic random-effects inverse-variance method. Eleven studies involving 26025 subjects were included, and the prevalence rates were pooled using random-effects models due to high observed heterogeneity (I2 > 75%, p-value < 0.05). The overall prevalence of thalassemia was 13.4% (95% CI 8.5-19.1%, I2 = 99.1%). Subgroup analyses showed that the pooled prevalence of thalassemia was 14% (95% CI, 0-33%; I² = 98.5%) in neonates, 22% (95% CI, 11-33%; I² = 98.8%) in patients ≤ 5 years of age and 6% (95% CI, 3-9%; I² = 82.6%) in patients over 5 years of age. The prevalence of alpha-thalassemia carriers was 18% (95% CI, 7-28%; I² = 99.2%) and beta-thalassemia 9% (95% CI, 6-12%; I² = 98.6%). This meta-analysis suggests a high prevalence of thalassemia in certain African countries. These data help design thalassemia screening programs and improve disease management
The Rising Tendency of Migration Among Young Generation and its Impact on the Bangladeshi Economy
Full text linkThis study investigates the rising tendency of migration among the young generation in Bangladesh and its perceived impact on the national economy. Drawing upon the Push-Pull Theory (Lee, 1966) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991), the research examines how push factors (e.g., political instability, job scarcity), pull factors (e.g., better salaries, residency prospects), and financial feasibility influence students’ intention to migrate. Data were collected from 250 university students through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that pull factors exert a stronger influence on migration intention than push factors, suggesting aspirational migration driven by global opportunities rather than merely escaping domestic constraints. Financial feasibility partially mediates the impact of push/pull factors, confirming the role of economic access in migration decisions (Stark, 1991). Interestingly, government policy perception does not significantly moderate migration intention, highlighting a gap between policy initiatives and youth trust or awareness (Siddiqui, 2020). Moreover, migration intention shows a negative correlation with perceived economic impact, reflecting student concerns about brain drain despite recognizing the benefits of remittances (Docquier & Rapoport, 2012). The study recommends reforms in employment, education, and diaspora engagement policies to address migration drivers while harnessing its developmental potential. These insights contribute to the discourse on youth mobility and economic sustainability in emerging economies like Bangladesh
Supply Chain Management Practices in Response to Ecosystem Challenges – Literature Review
Full text linkIn recent years, there has been a widespread awareness of issues affecting the ecosystem, such as climate change. It is in fact a universal reality that affects human life, business activities, and the environment. In this context, companies are required to master operations in a dynamic and risky ecosystem where logistics play a very important role in meeting sustainable development objectives. More specifically, optimizing supply chain performance requires the implementation of various green practices, which leads managers to rethink their decision-making processes related to supply chain management in order to reduce carbon emissions and improve their overall performance (Wang and Sarkis, 2013). This study is therefore a direct continuation of work focusing on sustainable supply chain management. This type of management is now an obligation rather than a choice in the era of climate change, which has major implications in terms of strategic and operational planning. It therefore seems relevant to address the following question: “What supply chain management practices can be adopted to address the challenges of climate change?” The objective of this article is to identify best practices in supply chain management and their impact on the environment and overall performance. Our research methodology consists of a theoretical study based on an analysis of work carried out in this field, the identification of green SCM practices that should be adopted by companies, and an analysis of their impact on overall performance
Religious Coexistence and Legal Pluralism in Albania: Socio-Political and Legal Perspectives
Full text linkThis article provides a comprehensive examination of Albania’s religious coexistence from both socio-political and legal perspectives, highlighting how historical experiences, legal frameworks, and community practices collectively shape interfaith relations. Drawing on case studies from urban centers such as Tirana and Shkodra, as well as rural communities where traditional interfaith networks have persisted, the article explored how legal pluralism, allowing religious communities to manage personal matters like marriage, inheritance, and education, interact with grassroots social engagement to sustain harmony among Albania’s diverse religious groups. The article also analyzed institutional policies, including the role of the State Committee on Cults, municipal interfaith programs, and the Interreligious Council of Albania (IRCA), demonstrating how coordinated initiatives between government bodies and civil society promote dialogue, joint cultural events, and collaborative social projects. By tracing the historical trajectory from the Ottoman millet system through the challenges of the communist period to contemporary reforms, the article illustrates the resilience of interfaith tolerance in Albania. This experience provides a distinctive model of religious coexistence, offering valuable lessons for other pluralistic societies in the Balkans and beyond, emphasizing the importance of combining legal recognition, social cooperation, and community-led initiatives to foster enduring interfaith harmony
Transition vers les Énergies Renouvelables et Bien-être des Ménages Ruraux : Une Analyse Empirique au Bénin
Full text linkLa pauvreté énergétique demeure un obstacle majeur au développement rural au Bénin, où la majorité des ménages agricoles continue de dépendre des sources traditionnelles comme le bois-énergie et le charbon de bois. Cette dépendance entraîne des coûts élevés pour les ménages, des impacts négatifs sur la santé et l’éducation, et une pression croissante sur l’environnement. Cette étude se concentre sur le département de l’Atacora, au Nord-Ouest du Bénin, choisi pour sa forte implication dans des projets de transition énergétique et d’électrification rurale. Elle analyse les effets de l’adoption de technologies solaires domestiques sur le bien-être des ménages ruraux agricoles et la qualité de l’environnement. L’étude repose sur un échantillon de 300 ménages répartis dans trois communes de l’Atacora. Les résultats montrent que l’adoption de l’énergie solaire améliore significativement le bien-être des ménages, notamment en augmentant les revenus, en renforçant la stabilité financière, en réduisant la pauvreté et en augmentant les dépenses de consommation alimentaire. Sur le plan environnemental, les ménages adoptants perçoivent une amélioration de la qualité de leur environnement immédiat, avec une réduction de la dépendance aux combustibles traditionnels. Ces résultats confirment que la promotion des énergies renouvelables constitue un levier efficace pour soutenir une transition énergétique durable et inclusive au Bénin.
Energy poverty remains a major obstacle to rural development in Benin, where the majority of agricultural households continue to depend on traditional sources such as wood fuel and charcoal. This dependence results in high costs for households, negative impacts on health and education, and increasing pressure on the environment. This study focuses on the department of Atacora in northern Benin, chosen for its strong involvement in energy transition and rural electrification projects. It analyzes the effects of adopting domestic solar technologies on the well-being of farming households and the quality of the environment. The study is based on a sample of 300 households in three municipalities in Atacora. The results show that the adoption of solar energy significantly improves household well-being, particularly by increasing income, strengthening financial stability, reducing poverty, and increasing food consumption expenditure. In environmental terms, households that adopt solar energy perceive an improvement in the quality of their immediate environment, with a reduction in dependence on traditional fuels. These results confirm that the promotion of renewable energy is an effective lever for supporting a sustainable and inclusive energy transition in Benin
The Impact of Corporate Financial Disclosure Quality on Banks’ Loan Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Uzbekistan
Full text linkCorporate financial disclosure quality plays a decisive role in banks’ loan risk assessment, particularly in emerging markets where reporting practices remain uneven. In Uzbekistan, the ongoing expansion of IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) and the shift toward risk-based banking supervision have increased the need for accurate, timely, and comparable borrower financial information. However, disclosure quality, especially among SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises), remains inconsistent, limiting banks’ ability to conduct cash-flow-based analysis and increasing reliance on collateral. This study examines how disclosure quality affects banks’ credit risk assessment in Uzbekistan using a conceptual mixed-method approach. Due to the scarcity of standardized borrower-level datasets and inconsistent audited reporting, econometric analysis is not feasible; instead, the study synthesizes existing empirical and regulatory evidence to identify key disclosure risk channels. Drawing on international research and Basel III requirements for data integrity, the paper shows that weak disclosures undermine reliable PD (Probability of Default) and LGD (Loss Given Default) estimation, distort risk-weighted asset calculations, and reduce the effectiveness of supervisory review and market discipline. The study concludes that improving financial reporting quality, advancing practical IFRS adoption for SMEs, and enhancing enforcement and digital data infrastructure are essential for strengthening risk assessment accuracy and reducing credit misclassification in Uzbekistan