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Adaptive and Vision Based Controllers for a Flexible Link Manipulator
No full textIn recent years, Flexible¬Link Manipulators (FLMs) find a wide spectrum of applications including space exploration, defense and medical services owing to several advantages over the rigid manipulators. These advantages are, high payload¬to¬mass ratio, lower actuation, high¬speed operation, more maneuverability and transportability, and reduced power consumption. However, in view of the flexible structure of the links in these manipulators, a number of control complexities arise. Owing to non¬collocated sensors and actuators, FLM behaves as a non¬minimum phase system. In order to represent the dynamics of such FLMs accurately, it is necessary to consider an infinite number of flexible modes in its distributed parameter model. However, to facilitate controller realizability higher order modes are truncated. Model uncertainty due to truncation of flexible modes in its dynamics leads to inaccurate tip¬tracking performance and system stability. Therefore, it is challenging to design a control scheme to achieve perfect tip¬tracking performance with small tracking error. Unlike a rigid robot manipulator, tip¬tracking of FLM is difficult due to distributed link flexure. The tip¬tracking problem of FLM can be divided into two sub¬problems, i.e., (i) tracking of tip position, (ii) suppression of the oscillation in flexible links. To control the tip position and suppress the oscillatory motion, it is necessary to measure tip position accurately. Standard mechanical sensors such as strain gauge, accelerometer, etc. are usually employed for measurement of tip point position. However, direct measurement of tip position by these mechanical sensors has estimation error because of incorrect information of physical parameters. The use of vision sensor can be a better substitute of mechanical sensors because it provides an indirect measurement of tip point deflection. Therefore, the objective of the thesis is to design adaptive and vision based tip¬tracking control strategies for a Two¬Link Flexible Manipulator (TLFM).
To achieve accurate tip¬tracking performance in face of model uncertainties and disturbances, a Sampled¬data Extended State Observer based Backstepping (SD¬ESO based BS) controller is proposed. The convergence and stability of the proposed SD¬ESO based BS controller are investigated by using Lyapunov theory
SD¬ESO gives a promising tip¬tracking performance in face of uncertainties, so, it is also used to estimate the uncertainties arising due to packet dropouts of Network Controlled Two¬link Flexible Manipulator (NC¬TLFM). Further, a Digital Smith Predictor (DSMP) based Backstepping (BS) control scheme has been developed for time¬delay compensation. Convergence and overall stability of the proposed SD¬ESO with DSMP based BS control scheme are investigated using Lyapunov theory. Also, the performance of the proposed controller is compared with conventional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) and Non-Uniform Predictor¬Observer (NUPO) based controllers using simulation and experimental studies.
Control of FLM using Visual Servoing (VS) is motivating in view of achieving the monitoring of the tip position more precisely. The last decade witnessed a great deal of research interest in visual servoing based control of FLM. The use of camera in flexible manipulator control makes it reliable and faster for a wider range of potential applications.
Among different VS control schemes, Image¬Based Visual Servoing (IBVS) is more effective. However, there are many challenges in IBVS scheme such as singularities in the interaction matrix and local minima in trajectories that affect the system performance in real¬time applications. To resolve these issues, image moment based visual features have been designed for IBVS, and the new two¬time scale IBVS controller based on image moment is developed for tip¬tracking control of TLFM. TLFM dynamics is decomposed into two¬time scale models, namely slow and fast models. A shifted moment based IBVS controller is designed for the “slow” subsystem, and a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is designed for the “fast” subsystem for tip¬tracking control of TLFM. The effectiveness of the proposed new two¬time scale IBVS controller is evaluated by pursuing numerical simulations.
Although the proposed new two¬time scale IBVS controller based on image moment is developed to address the singularity and local minima issue of IBVS, but sometimes object may leave Field¬of¬View (FOV) that leads to failure of visual servoing task. Therefore, to deal with these issues of IBVS, an Adaptive Intelligent IBVS (AI¬IBVS) controller for TLFM is developed. In the proposed controller, an actor¬critic based off¬policy reinforcement learning controller is developed to keep the object within FOV and shifted moment based IBVS controller to complete the visual servoing task. Simulations have been performed to investigate the performance and robustness of the proposed AI¬IBVS controller.
In the thesis, an adaptive SD¬ESO based BS controller is proposed to handle parameter uncertainty such as un¬model dynamics and disturbance. Further, to improve the rejection of noise that occur due to the usage of the mechanical sensor, a new two¬time scale IBVS controller is proposed. Further, to address the issue of IBVS along¬with retention of object in the FOV, an AI¬IBVS controller is proposed.
The adaptive and vision based controllers proposed in this thesis can be applied to many potential applications such as in hazardous and highly radioactive environments, space exploration, disaster management from a safer distance, and for damping of oscillations for similar vibration systems
Rational Design of Highly Active and Sensitive Graphene Oxide-based Catalyst and Sensor Materials
No full textGraphene oxide with its unique structure and properties have attracted a huge attention of the researchers in world wide. It is a 2D material containing carbon network of sp2 and sp3 hybridization with numerous polar oxygen functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. The unique properties like high surface area, thermal stability, tunable electrical properties and mechanical properties make GO a suitable support material to design a wide range of active and efficient hybrid materials for various potential applications.
Keeping this in mind, the overall objectives of my PhD research work is broadly classified in to two parts; (1) synthesis of acid functionalised GO-based hybrid materials such as phosphate functionalised GO (PGO), PGO/CuO and silicomolybdic acid modified GO (GO-SMA) and their catalytic applications for the synthesis of biologically active nitrogen-based heterocycles and (2) Synthesis of spinel ferrite decorated rGO-based nanocomposites such as rGO-CuFe2O4 and rGO-ZnFe2O4-Pd towards gas sensing applications for the detection of toxic and flammable gases. At the beginning of my PhD work, a very less number of literature(s) were available demonstrating the use of acid functionalized GO-based catalyst for the synthesis of biologically active nitrogen-based heterocycles. In the first major project, phosphate functionalized GO (PGO) nanocomposite was synthesized and utilized as potential catalyst for the synthesis of Pyrimidones (Chem. Eng. J., 2018, 331, 300). The high catalytic activity of PGO nanocatalyst can be attributed to the synergistic effect present between GO and phosphate groups. Highlighting the effect of nanoparticle decoration on the catalytic activity of acid functionalized GO, in our next project metal oxide nanoparticles were decorated on PGO surface to design a novel highly active and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of β-amino carbonyl compounds. Here, PGO surface was decorated by CuO nanoparticles uniformly and the resulting hybrids showed enhanced catalytic activity towards the desired product (Catal. Today, 2020, 348, 137). This approach offers several advantages such as short reaction times, high yields, easy purification, a cleaner reaction , ease of recovery and reusability of the catalyst. Highlighting the synergistic effect present between the acidic groups and GO surface, our next objective emphasized the DFT analysis of acid functionalized GO (GO with silicomolybdic acid) in the synthesis of Isoxazoles, another biologically active nitrogen-based heterocyclic molecule (Manuscript Submitted).
The next major part of my PhD research includes spinel ferrites decorated rGO nanocomposites for the detection of toxic and flammable gases. In this regard, the fourth objective explains about the synthesis of rGO-CuFe2O4 nanocomposite for the detection of low level NH3 gas (Sens. and Actuators B: Chem., 2018, 272, 100). The designed nanocomposite was able to sense a very low concentration of NH3 gas with high sensitivity. Additionally, the fast response and recovery of the sensor makes it a suitable candidate for practical application. The last objective emphasizes the effect of nanoparticle decoration on the sensing parameters of the spinel ferrite rGO-based gas sensor. In this objective we have designed Pd nanoparticles decorated rGO-ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite for the detection of highly flammable H2 gas at room temperature (Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 2020, 45, 5073). In this work, a rapid and efficient microwave synthetic method has been adopted for the sythesis of ZnFe2O4-Pd nanocomposite followed by decoration on thermally reduced rGO surface. It can be ascribed that due to the superior charge transfer process, synergistic effect, high surface area, as well as superior durability of the composite rGO-based spinel ferrite systems can be regarded as suitable candidate for gas sensing applications
Existence and Multiplicity of solutions to some problems in local and nonlocal elliptic PDEs
No full textThis thesis is about investigating the existence of solutions to some elliptic partial differential
equations and whether they are more than one in number or not. Most of the problems in a nut-shell is like having a local/nonlocal operator with nonlinear terms and a surge term which in most of the cases is a Radon measure. In the thesis we have analyzed the existence of weak
solutions of elliptic partial differential equation which involves either a local operator or a nonlocal operator. We have also proved the multiplicity of solutions (if exists) of elliptic problems and that has been proved by different techniques. Some of the techniques which we have used to prove the existence and multiplicity of solutions are variational technique,Nehari manifold, manifold technique, Banach fixed point theorem, Lion’s concentration compactness principle, etc. Elliptic operators involved in each problem are different and carry different properties
Properties of Sequences and Sums Associated with Balancing-like Sequences
No full textThe balancing like sequences are natural generalizations of the balancing sequence with one exception that the balancing-like numbers do not arise out of any balancing problem. The balancing-like sequences also generalize the sequence of natural numbers and like the balancing numbers, they behave like natural numbers and in some identities. Also, in some identities, they behave like the trigonometric sine function.
Certain recurrence sequences naturally arise in connection with the balancing sequence, namely, the Lucas-balancing sequence, the cobalancing sequence and the Lucas cobalancing sequence. Like the balancing numbers, the basic definition of cobalancing numbers involves a Diophantine equation comprising of natural numbers. However, the cobalancing numbers are nothing but the balancers–a type of numbers associated with the definition of balancing numbers. The Lucas-balancing numbers are related to the balancing numbers by means of a simple nonlinear relationship that leads to a Pell’s equation. The Lucas-cobalancing numbers appears with cobalancing numbers, exactly the way Lucas-balancing numbers appears with the balancing numbers. But, in some identities, the cobalancing, Lucas-balancing and Lucas-cobalancing numbers appear as linear combinations of the balancing numbers. Using similar linear relations, cobalancing-like and Lucas-cobalancing-like numbers are defined using a balancing-like sequence. The properties of these two new sequences are identical with that of the cobalancing and the Lucas-cobalancing msequences.
The nth triangular number is defined as the sum of the first n natural numbers or the product of n and n + 1 divided by 2. The triangular numbers can be generalized to triangular-like numbers using a balancing-like sequence. The nth triangular-like number corresponding to a balancing-like sequence can be defined as the product of nth and (n+1)th term of the sequence divided by the second term. The nth triangular-like number, so defined, is not equal to the sum of first n terms of the corresponding balancing-like sequence, rather it is equal to the sum of first n terms of another balancing-like sequence. It is known that a natural number is a triangular number when eight times the number increased by 1, is a square. However, a natural number is a triangular-like number corresponding to a balancing-like sequence if two separate multiples of the numbers increased by 1, are perfect squares.
A pronic number is the product of two consecutive natural numbers and a pronic-like number is defined as the product of any two consecutive terms of a balancing-like sequence. The balancing sequence is the only balancing-like sequence whose pronic-like numbers are both pronic and triangular and there are exactly two balancing-like sequences with triangular pronic-like numbers. Using the Fibonacci and Pell sequences, several balancing-like sequences can be constructed. Balancing-like sequences also appear in the products of some special Lucas sequences and their associated sequences
Studies on Magnetic, Electric and Dielectric Properties of Ferrite Modified LCMO Nanocomposite Systems
No full textThe evolution of new composite materials for multi-purpose applications turns into a trend in today’s research.The present study comprises the study of unique manganite La0.7Ca0.3MnO3and its ferrite modified nanocomposites synthesized via. sol-gel self-sustaining combustion method. The structural, optical, magnetic, electric, and dielectric properties of these synthesized products have been evaluated in the present study. These properties are found to be enhanced on enhanced incorporation of ferrites in the La0.7Ca0.3MnO3system. These enhanced properties of manganite-ferrite nanocomposites have been illustrated on the basis of cation distribution among various sites and internal structure modification. The important findings show CoFe2O4incorporated system has the more reasonable magnetic property as compared to NiFe2O4incorporated system. Whereas, NiFe2O4incorporated system shows the more reasonable dielectric property. These enhanced properties are valuable for the possible use of the nanocomposites in magnetic storage devices and nanocapacitor applications. The detailed study has been specified orderly in six different chapters.
Chapter I describes an introduction to rare-earth manganites, specifically lanthanum calcium manganite and its physical properties, spinel ferrites, specifically semi-hard cobalt ferrite and soft nickel ferrite, their physical properties and application scope of manganite-ferrite nanocomposites.
Chapter II describes the synthesis procedure and characterization of manganite nanoparticles and its ferrite incorporated nanocomposites synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion method.
Chapter III describes the structural, optical, magnetic, electric, and dielectric properties of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 nanograins.
Chapter IV describes the structural, optical, magnetic, electric, and dielectric properties of (1-x) La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/x CoFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) nanocomposites.
Chapter V describes the structural, optical, magnetic, electric, and dielectric properties of (1-x) La0.7Ca0.3MnO3/x NiFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) nanocomposites.
Chapter VI focuses on important findings and comparative study of the thesis work and its future scope
Synthetic Approaches Towards Biologically Active Heterocycles Employing Catalytic Strategies
Get PDFThe present thesis work conceptualizes the application of catalytic protocols towards synthesis of biologically active heterocycles. The heterocycles have been a prime point of attraction for synthetic chemists due to their impressive structural inlay and also enormous pharmaceutical properties. In one part of the work, we have described metal free synthesis of 2-methylene-selanyl-4-chromanols, indanols, chromans and 7-membered oxa-cycle employing TMSOI and TFA in catalytic amounts. In the other part, we have discussed the transition metal catalysed stereoselective synthesis of dihydrofurans, furans and 2-methylene-4-chromanols using Au(III) and Cu(I) catalyst in ‘‘open-air’’ reaction condition
Environmental Durability of Multiscale Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composites: An Assessment On Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Evaluation
Get PDFFiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are nowadays potentially used all around the globe as these are capable of substituting the conventional materials for applications starting from mini toys to large aerospace components. It is thus necessary and crucial to examine the durability, reliability and sustainability of these materials. The present exploration is based on the environmental durability of glass fiber/epoxy (GE) and nanofiller (nano-Al2O3, nano-TiO2) enhanced GE composites. The environmental durability of the composites was studied for their mechanical and thermal performance after exposure to high temperature, liquid nitrogen conditioning and thermal shock.
The tensile properties were studied at 50% and 70% volume fractions of reinforcement at different crosshead speeds viz. 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 mm/min at 25°C, 70°C, 90°C and 110°C temperatures. The effects of nano-filler (nano-Al2O3, nano-TiO2) incorporation on the mechanical and thermal behavior of GE composites at various loading rates were also carried out. The flexural tests of the nano-filler enhanced composites were studied at different elevated temperatures. The properties enhancement/alteration of nano-fillers embedded polymeric composites appears to be in-service temperature-sensitive phenomenon. The thermal properties of the composites were evaluated using dynamic mechanical thermal analyser (DMTA) and temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC), chemical analyses by Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, fractography analyses were carried out using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and morphology of the nano-fillers were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
The tensile strengths of the investigated GE composites increase with the increase in crosshead speed at all test temperatures. At higher crosshead speed the response of the composite is primarily governed from the fiber phase and increase in load-carrying capacity can be attributed to fiber dominated mechanical response. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) conditioning for 0.25 h and 1 h caused an improvement of tensile strength up to 3.33% and 7.3% respectively as compared to unconditioned GE composites. The percentage strength improvement was high (up to ~12%) when the specimens were tested at 1000 mm/min loading rate.
The thermal-shocked specimens also exhibited higher Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) as compared to the unconditioned specimens. It can be stated that matrix hardening and residual stress generation during the conditionings would generally govern to produce a higher load-carrying capacity of the composites.
Addition of 0.1 wt.% nano-Al2O3 particles exhibited an improvement in the strength of nano-Al2O3/GE composites at all crosshead speeds. Similarly, 0.3 wt.% nano-TiO2 enhanced composites showed maximum strength improvement. Exposure to elevated temperatures deteriorated the flexural properties of GE as well as nano-Al2O3 modified composites, as expected. However, the extent of degradation remained higher in case of nano-Al2O3 modified composites. Exposure to elevated temperatures improves the flexural properties in case of 0.3 wt.% nano-TiO2/GE modified composites as compared to the RT specimens. The increase in strength of the nano-filler enhanced composites was attributed to effective stress transfer from the matrix to fiber through well-dispersed and well-bonded fibre-matrix interfacial regions. The FESEM results on fracture surface morphology indicated crack bridging and good fibre-matrix interfacial bonding. On the other hand, agglomeration of nano-fillers took place at higher concentration of nanoparticles which showed poor strength. Exposure to high temperature would cause damage and degradation in the polymer phase of the composites revealed as matrix cracking, riverline markings, cusps, the flow of matrix, delamination of fiber from the matrix, fiber imprints etc. The DMTA results were correlated with the mechanical and thermo-mechanical behavior of the FRP composites. Addition of nano-fillers caused a reduction in the glass transition temperature. Finally, the Weibull design parameters were analyzed as a function of nano-Al2O3 content and different test temperatures. Weibull analyses responded a reasonable agreement with the experimental results
Improvement of Power Quality in Underground Coal Mines
No full textElectrical power plays an important role in all organizations, especially in the mining industry. Without it, it would be hard or about outlandish for mine workers to carry out their employment. Generally, mining industries are located away from load centers, remote areas, or rough terrain areas where the voltage variations are high or unpredictable. Feeding safe and reliable power to mining complexes can be a challenging task. Mining industry consumes huge power as they are having large machinery such as shearers, crushers, continuous miners, Armoured Face Conveyor (AFC) etc. that are sensitive to voltage fluctuations. Power consumption in a longwall face is the highest in underground mines. Voltage dips or sags often causes equipment to trip, which in turn results in lengthy delays with resultant production and revenue losses. Therefore, electricity board targets them. Underground coal mining industry uses different motors for cutting of coal. These motors are induction machines, which are rated high because high torque is required for cutting of coal. These motors are sensitive to voltage fluctuations as torque is proportional to the square of the voltage. As in mining industry, many motors used are induction motors their efficiency is strategically linked to the terminal voltage of motor starting and running conditions. As per the Indian Electricity Rules 1956 in explosive areas transformers, including booster transformers are not allowed inside a mine.
Power systems of mining can vary from simple opencast mines to complicated underground systems where the dictatorial environment of dust, moisture, and cramped spaces extends the inventiveness and imagination of the engineer to provide good and continuous service. As transformers are not allowed deeply inside the mine, the distance of the working point from the transformer increases. This results in a decrease of voltage in the cables and causes variations in working voltages. With all restrictions in high voltage capacitors, a substantial reactive power is generated through capacitor banks and supplied near the main transformer only. With increase of depth of the mines, voltage value reduces and becomes critical. Voltage sag is one of the common and serious issue to the mining industry. In order to maintain constant voltage, there should be some compensating devices x
to reduce voltage sag. In order to solve voltage sag problem, Custom Power Devices (CPD’s) are used. In power system, voltage sag is one of the main problem of Power Quality (PQ) and occurs frequently. PQ is defined as “any occurrence manifested in current, voltage, or frequency deviations that result in damage, upset or failure of end-use equipment’s”. It is a common experience that electric power of poor quality has detrimental effects on the health of different equipment and systems. Two mine case studies are considered for PQ improvement. This research proposed the modelling and implementation of two Custom Power Devices (CPD); DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) and Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) using three controllers such as Proportional Integral (PI) control, Hysteresis voltage control and Fuzzy logic control to improve power quality in underground mining. The CPD’s are implemented in MATLAB /SIMULINK software with and without controllers for two case studies of mines (A and B) and a comparative analysis is presented based on the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). By using fuzzy logic controller, voltage sag is improved to 1.0 pu and simulation results show that DVR provides better voltage regulation capabilities than DSTATCOM for achieving PQ improvement. The best method with DVR and Fuzzy logic controller is suggested for the mining industry for improving voltage sag
Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Analysis of a Turbulent Jet Flowing Over a Sinusoidal Wavy Surface
No full textThe turbulent jet plays a vital role in heat transfer application and it is encountered in many practical engineering and industrial applications. The wall-bounded turbulent jets have intractable and complex flow characteristics which need more care to handle. At present, the enhancement of cooling by air jet impingement is one of the prime objectives of the industries. Exhaustive literature survey reveals that there is no study which deals with enhancement of heat transfer rate. The current study is an attempt to fill this research gap. It is well known that the heat transfer rate increases with increase in the surface area. The same concept is used in the present study and the plane wall surface is replaced by a sinusoidal wavy surface. In this work, the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of a turbulent jet flowing over a sinusoidal wavy surface are numerically studied. The two-dimensional Reynolds av- eraged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are discretized using the finite volume method. A non-orthogonal grid system with collocated variable arrangement is utilized for the solu- tion. The turbulent parameters are solved using the standard k −ε high Reynolds number turbulencemodel. The effect of sinusoidal surface and the offset ratio is studied in detail. The thesis is divided mainly into three parts. The first part discusses turbulent wall jet. The results indicate that the local Nusselt number, local heat flux and the non-dimensional maximumstreamwise velocity increase near the exit of the nozzlewhile theminimumpres- sure decreases when the amplitude of the wavy surface increases. Although, these param- eters increase near the jet exit; but, the fate of these parameters are highly dependent on the frequency and the amplitude of the wavy surface. Accordingly, a maximumincrease of 14.43%in heat transfer rate is observed for the frequency (ω) equals to 14π/L =0.58643 and amplitude equals to 0.7. In the second part, the offset jet is considered. It is noticed that the heat transfer rate de- creases in comparison to the corresponding wall jet case. Therefore, only the result of flow characteristics has been included in this chapter. It is observed that the scaled similarity solution is obtained at the crest and the trough. But, the trend is entirely different than the trend observed for the plane wall case. Also, it is found that the trend at the crest is different than the trend at the trough. These phenomena are discussed in detail. In the third part, the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of a turbulent dual jet are explored. The results show that the sinusoidal wavy surface affects both the flow and heat transfer characteristics significantly and also enhances the heat transfer rate. It is also noticed that not only the sinusoidal surface but also the offset ratio affects the heat trans-fer and fluid flow characteristics significantly. Based on the different combinations of fre- quency, amplitude and offset ratio, a maximum of approximately 23.27% enhancement in heat transfer rate is achieved with respect to the plane wall surface in the present case
Augmentation of Fast Cooling Operation of Steel Plate by Modifying the Orientation of Cooling System and Properties of Coolants
No full textThe fabrications of light weight aircrafts and nuclear reactors need steel with high tensile strength and moderate hardenability. For the production of steel with aforesaid properties, high cooling rate is required and this is not possible to achieve using the conventional technology. The challenging task is the elimination of film boiling phenomenon at high surface temperature. Spray cooling is considered as a potential replacement of conventional cooling methods like jet cooling and air atomized spray cooling when uniformity in temperature distribution, quenching rate and economic are considered together. However, still, the desired cooling rates cannot be fulfilled by the conventional spray cooling process. Hence, in the current work, various experimental investigations have been carried out to reduce the vapor film formation and also to achieve significant augmentation required by the various steel industries dealing the production of above mentioned materials. In the current work, for the experimentation, two types of indigenously designed and fabricated experimental set up have been used: (i) High mass flux spray cooling and (ii) Dropwise evaporative cooling. Before experimentation, for the identification of heat transfer mechanism, the spray and coolant characterization were performed. The orientation of the plate and the thermo-physical properties of the coolants are the factors that influence the formation and growth of vapor film. Therefore, in the current work, by conducting spray cooling experimentation on an inclined plate, the quenching rate and uniformity in temperature distribution are tried to improve. The heat transfer analysis has depicted that heat removal rate enhances (CHF from 1.21 MW/m2 to 1.46 MW/m2) with the increasing plate inclination up to 30o due to in the augmentation of replacement rate of vapor and liquid layer from the hot substrate and further increment in inclination declines the heat transfer rate (CHF from 1.46 MW/m2 to 1.26 MW/m2) due to decrease in residence time and lowering of the replacement rate of vapor and liquid layer. The experimental result has also shown that the nozzle to plate distance and the water flow rate are the important factors that affect the heat transfer rate. The optimum nozzle to plate distance and water flow rate is found to be 45mm and 16.67x10-5 m3/s, respectively and the maximum heat transfer rate is accomplished at a plate inclination of 30o. The achieved critical heat flux (CHF of 1.46 MW/m2) for 30o inclination is 20% higher as compared to the horizontal condition (CHF of 1.21 MW/m2). The lowest heat flux was found for 0o plate inclination. Then, the factors such as viscosity and surface tension of the coolant, controlling factor for the heat transfer coefficients are altered for further identification of the physical conditions to obtain the highest augmentation of heat transfer at very high temperature. The result shows that critical flux of 1.46 MW/m2 and 1.58 MW/m2 are achieved at 30o plate angle using water and Tween 20 added water as a coolant, respectively. Furthermore, after experimentation, the additives and hot plate interaction has been tried to reveal. The SDS present in SDS added water decomposes at higher temperature due to deposition followed by pyrolysis, and the newly formed compounds react with the various elements of steel to produce various compounds. The kinetics for the formation or decomposition of the formed compounds have been proposed and validated by using the information revealed by EDS and XRD analysis. Further, the roughness of the heat treated steel plate has been measured which shows an increasing trend in the roughness with the SDS concentration in water. In an another quenching strategy, the heat transfer rate is augmented by altering the vapor bubble formation and their coalescence rates. In the current work, these two factors were changed during the cooling by using dissolved carbon dioxide as coolant. Among different combinations of dissolved carbon dioxide added water, the highest critical heat flux (CHF of 1.67 MW/m2) has been obtained for horizontal case by using 8000 ppm concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in water. Further, the combination of salt and Thums-up is also used as the coolant and an enhanced CHF of 1.7 MW/m2 has been achieved. However, the inclined condition of the plate has shown no effect on quenching rate in case of dissolved carbon dioxide (8000 ppm) added water and of Thums up (40 %) - NaCl (0.1M) added water mixtures. The comparison among boiling curves, heat transfer coefficients, average heat fluxes (AHF), coolant consumptions, critical heat fluxes (CHF) and its corresponding temperature (TCHF) has clearly established that Tween 20 added water is the appropriate cooling methodology for the fast quenching operation. Furthermore, the hardness, tensile strength and microstructure analysis also ascertain the improvement in hardness and tensile strength after quenching which fulfils the requirement of metal industr ies. The absence of any deposition or surface modification is also considered a way to encourage the metal processing industries to adopt the above discussed quenching technolog