Molecular and Cellular Biomedical Sciences (E-Journal)
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Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Centella asiatica Leaves on Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Yersinia enterocolitica in vitro
No full textBackground: Centella asiatica leaves ethanol extract (CALEE) has higher concentration compared to other structures within the plant. The extract contains alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids, which play an active role as antioxidant and antibacterial. Current study aimed to determine the effect of CALEE on Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Yersinia enterocolitica, Gram-negative bacteria that cause diarrhea. Materials and methods: Simplicia of C. asiatica leaves was dissolved in 96% ethanol and macerated to get condensed extract, which then produced a concentration of 1 g/mL. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined to assess the effectiveness of CALEE on P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris, and Y. enterocolitica. MIC was determined through serial dilution test with Mueller Hinton broth media. After incubation, the bacteria were streaked on nutrient agar or McConkey agar to determine the MBC. Results: The MIC value of CALEE could not be determined since the color of CALEE was dark, hence the turbidity could not be compared. CALEE had the same MBC value (0.25 g/mL) in all bacteria species used in this study. Conclusion: CALEE is effective against Gram-negative bacteria, such as P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris, and Y. enterocolitica. Further research is needed, especially in vivo experiments and evaluation of the cytotoxicity effect of CALEE. Keywords: Centella asiatica, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Yersinia enterocolitica, antibacteria
The Effect of Thelison Use in The Etiology of Lung Disorders among Homeless People
No full textBackground: Thelison, the adhesive synthetic material that bind surface together, is widely used in industry and domestic purpose along with epoxy, glue and putty. The aim of this study was to detect the effect of thelison use in the etiology of lung disorders among homeless people in Khartoum State, Sudan.Materials and method: This was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted in homeless people in Khartoum State.Sputum smears samples from 80 alcohol fixed homeless thelison user were collected. After the collection of the sample, Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) technique and papanicolaou (PAP) stains were applied to each sample. A questionnaire to obtain essential data about respondents was also provided for each participant.Results: Participant’s ages range was 10-37, while the mean age was 17. The range of participants duration of use per years was 1-10, while the mean was 3 years. Number of thelesion dose use per day was ranged between 1-10, while the mean was 5 years. The majority of participants (80%) showed no cellular change and 20 % showed chronic inflammation. Results showed that 31 of the study population were males (77.5%), while the female population of the study was 9 (22.5%). The mean of AgNoR score was ranged between 1-4, while the mean AgNOR score was 1. AgNoR showed insignificant association with gender, duration and number of thelesion dose used per day (p>0.05), but showed significant association with cytomorhpological and age (p0.05), but showed significant association with cytomorhpological and age (p<0.05).Keywords: AgNoRs score, cytological changes, sputum, homeless thelison user
Role of Genetics in Anesthesiology
No full textOne thing that differentiates one person from another is one’s genetic make-up. Genetic plays a role in every branch of medicine, including anesthesiology. An anesthesiologist must be well familiarized with hereditary (genetic) conditions, chromosomal traits, heredity-familial disorders, and even recessive variants because particular conditions might demand a different anesthetic and perioperative pharmacological management. These circumstances may lead to an opening of a rapidly expanding state of pharmacogenetics/genomics and its relevancy in anesthesia nowadays. This narrative review provides insight into the role of genetics in the field of anesthesiology.Keywords: genetics, anesthesiology, pharmacogenetic
Association of Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease in Population Aged ≥18 Years Old
No full textBackground: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem, due to the increasing prevalence and incidence of kidney failure, poor prognosis, and required high costs for its treatment. Hypertension as the dominant risk factor for CKD also has a high prevalence which keep increasing in DKI Jakarta. This study aimed to determine the association between hypertension and the incidence of CKD in people aged ≥18 years old in DKI Jakarta Province.Materials and method: This was a quantitative research with an analytic cross-sectional study design. The data source used was secondary data obtained from Basic Health Research (Riset Kesehatan Dasar/Riskesdas) 2018. There were 7,141 samples that matched the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: The proportion of CKD and hypertension in people aged ≥18 years old in DKI Jakarta Province were 0.5% and 16.6%, respectively. There was a significant association between hypertension and CKD with a prevalence odds ratio (POR) of 3.140 (95% CI: 1.527-6.453) after being adjusted by the age variable. Several other characteristics such as age (POR = 3.912; 95% CI: 1.932-7.918), diabetes mellitus (POR = 3.412; 95% CI: 1.405-8.285), heart disease (POR = 7.323; 95% CI: 3.158- 16.982), and physical activity (POR = 2.324; 95% CI: 1.148-4.703) were also significantly associated with the incidence of CKD.Conclusion: Someone who has hypertension has 3.14 times (95% CI: 1.527-6.453; p-value = 0.002) chance of suffering from CKD compared to someone who does not have hypertension after being controlled by the confounding variable, age.Keywords: chronic kidney disease, hypertension, DKI Jakarta, Basic Health Research 201
Lymphocyte Proliferation and Nitric Oxide-Producing Activities of Lupeol Isolated From Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Extract
No full textBackground: Hylocereus polyrhizus has activities as antimicrobial agent, anti-hypercholesterolemia, anti-diabetic (diabetes mellitus), cardiovascular risk reduction, health supplement, and melanoma cell suppression. The extracts from the peels of H. polyrhizus were able to increase phagocytic ability, cell numbers and leukocytes and to influence relative spleen weights in the formation of body immune system in male rats. The fruit peels contained phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. This study investigated the active compounds of H. polyrhizus peels, which are able to increase immune system of human body.Materials and method: In vitro assay was applied to examine the active compounds, identified as lupeol, obtained from isolated extract of red dragon fruit for their lymphocyte proliferation and nitric oxide (NO)-producing activities. Lymphocyte proliferation assay was performed with 3-4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The cell control was lymphocyte cell suspension in RPMI medium added with phytohaemaglutinine (PHA). The NO measurement was conducted with nitric solvent and Greiss reagent.Results: The ANOVA analysis of the average optical density (OD) of lymphocyte proliferation showed that the addition of isolated lupeol at the concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL were able to improve lymphocyte proliferation and activate the NO production in the rats with treatment of positive control. Conclusion: Isolated lupeol at concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL revealed significant difference with medium control and cell control. It was able to increase effects on lymphocyte proliferation and NO production. Therefore, the lupeol which was isolated might have high potential to be an immunostimulant.Keywords: Hylocereus polyrhizus, lupeol, lymphocyte proliferation, nitric oxide productio
Innate Immune Response to House Dust Mite Allergens in Allergic Asthma
No full textAsthma is a major health problem and one of the leading causes of death in the world. The prevalence of asthma in Indonesia is high, with a recurrence >50%. Allergic sensitization in asthma is mainly caused by house dust mite (HDM) allergens, both from the mite’s body and its contaminants (e.g., lipopolysaccharides). HDM allergens stimulate several pathways in the innate immune response based on the HDM allergen groups that sensitize them. The innate immune response to HDM allergen exposure occurs when pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognizes the allergen, thereby stimulating respiratory epithelial cells to release cytokines, namely, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin-25 (IL -25), and IL-33. The release of IL-25 and IL-33 activates group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) to release Th2-type cytokines (i.e., IL-5 and IL-13), resulting in allergic airway inflammation via IgE secretion by B cells, recruitment of eosinophils, and respiratory tract remodeling. Dendritic cells induce an adaptive immune response through Th2 activation in the sensitization and effector phases. Other mediators that contributed to the innate immune response include C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL-20) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). A deeper understanding of the components and mechanisms involved in innate immunity against HDM allergens creates the potential to develop alternative therapeutic targets for allergic asthma treatment.Keywords: house dust mite allergens, innate immunity, allergic asthma, respiratory epithelium, inflammatory cytokine
Validation of a Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for the Quantification of Plasma Dihydroartemisinin
No full textBackground: Insufficient plasma level of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) can select resistance and will further hinder malaria elimination program. We investigated clinical applicability of a validated liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay to quantify plasma concentration of DHA in healthy subjects from a single oral administration of fixed dose combination of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine.Materials and Methods: Micro-elution solid-phase extraction in a 96-well plate format was used to prepare the samples. DHA separation happened in Acquity UPLCTM BEH C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm). Mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile-ammonium acetate 10 mM pH 3.5 (50:50, v/v) at 0.3 mL/minute flow rate. Waters Acquity UPLC™ H-Class system coupled with triple quadruple mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode was used for detection. The internal standard was a stable isotope labelled DHA.Results: Calibration curve was linear with a correlation coefficient >0.995 over a concentration range of 1–1,000 ng/mL. Bias and variation for accuracy and precision were in the range of 15% (20% at the lower limit of quantification). Using 5 µL sample, lower limit of quantification was 1 ng. Matrix effect was less than 15%. The method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of DHA from five healthy subjects, although carry over and the role of anticoagulants were not tested.Conclusion: The LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of plasma DHA was validated for selectivity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation, accuracy, precision, matrix effect and stability. Although clinical applicability was demonstrated, this method was to be improved to address the not-tested validation parameters.Keywords: dihydroartemisinin, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay (LC-MS/MS), malaria, Indonesia
Healing the Fundamental Unit of Heredity (Gene Therapy): Current Perspective and What the Future Holds
No full textThe ability to make precise adjustments to the human genome has been a goal of healing in which gene also introduces as the fundamental unit of heredity, in biomolecular technology in genetic diseases have opened new knowledge such as gene therapy. Gene therapy is a technique to repair DNA where its usage is to treat the malignancy and inherited genetic diseases. Gene therapy is a choice to the genetic cloth that goals to remedy a sickness this is hard to deal with or perhaps has no treatment. Currently, gene remedy is done in approaches to patients, specifically embryonic cells and somatic cells, every in vivo and ex vivo. Moral considerations with modification of the difficulty's cells and oversight of regulation and reagents want to be taken into consideration within the gene therapy project. Applications for using gene remedies have begun to be widely used, which include in case of maximum cancers, coronary heart disorder, infectious sicknesses, and others. Gene therapy has spread to a wide range of applications then go beyond the modification of genetic disorders. Advances in genetic modification of cancer cells and immunity and the use of viruses and bacteria to control cancer cells have resulted in many clinical trials and product developments for cancer treatment. The miracles and blessings of gene therapy are might believe, but even though they are being studied and developed now and, in the future, so that the desire for gene therapy may be even better future.Keywords: gene therapy, genetic recombination, gene therapy applicatio
Association between Malondialdehyde, GSH/GSSG Ratio and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
No full textBackground: Osteoporosis is one of chronic degenerative diseases especially in postmenopausal women, characterized by a decreased bone mass due to imbalance activity between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Recently, oxidative stress is believed to play an important role in osteoporosis pathogenesis. Oxidative stress is commonly considered as the consequence of an imbalance between pro and antioxidants species, which results in damage in the affected tissue. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is frequently used as a biomarker of oxidative stress in many health problems since MDA is produced at high levels during lipid peroxidation. Meanwhile, glutathione is well known as one of antioxidant which against oxidative stress by preserving its homeostasis in the reduced form of glutathione sulfhydryl (GSH) and the oxidized form of glutathione disulphide (GSSG). This study was aimed to determine the association between MDA, GSH/GSSG ratio and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women.Materials and method: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 40 postmenopausal women. MDA and GSH/GSSG ratio were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Bone mineral density (BMD) was obtained from secondary data. The statistical analysis was conducted using Spearman rho’s correlation test.Results: Based on the test, we didn’t found significant correlation between MDA and BMD (r=-0.054, p=0.741), but we found significant moderate correlation between GSH/GSSG ratio (r=0.436, p=0.005) and BMD in postmenopausal women. Conclusion: There was no correlation between MDA and BMD in postmenopausal women. However, there was significant moderate correlation between GSH/GSSG ratio and BMD in postmenopausal women.Keywords: MDA, GSH/GSSG ratio, BMD, osteoporosis
Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics in Cancer Risk Assesment
No full textoai:ojs.cellbiopharm.com:article/198Compared to the normal tissues, cancer cells tend to have higher proliferation rate and often lost their ability to undergo apoptosis. In addition, cancer cells can separate themselves from their original tissue thus causing metastasis in other part of body. While undergoing program cell death, disordered cellular programming can happen. The main causes of this cellular programming anomaly are epigenetic and genetic alterations, which have been known as two separate mechanisms in carcinogenetic. A recent outcome of whole exome sequencing of thousands of human cancers has been the unexpected discovery of many inactivating mutations in genes that control the epigenome. These mutations have the potential to disturb the DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications, and nucleosome positioning, hence, the causing gene expression alternation. Genetic alteration of the epigenome therefore contributes to cancer just as epigenetic process can cause point mutations and disable DNA repair functions. Epigenetic mechanisms changes could cause genetic mutations, and genetic mutations in epigenetic regulators could cause epigenome changes. Knowing that epigenome play a major role in the hierarchy of gene control mechanisms suggests that mutations might have impact on multiple pathways related to cancer phenotype. This pinpoint the fact that recently, the way the genes are organized and controlled are suggested to be a relevant factor for human carcinogenesis.Keywords: cancer genetic, cancer epigenetic, oncogens, tumor suppressor genes, driver mutation, passenger mutatio