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Gender Identity and Gender Incongruence in Children: A Review of Measurement and Data Collection Practices
No full textIt is common for children to experience gender incongruence–a misalignment of sex assigned at birth and gender identity–through many stages of their identity development. Sometimes, gender incongruence elicits discomfort or distress known as gender dysphoria, which may occur as early as ages 2 and 3. Gender dysphoria may develop from sex differentiation disorders like Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, or from a multitude of psychological factors like changes in environment, awareness of others’ identities or due to developmental processes. In order to study gender incongruence in children, researchers typically pick participants who are already enrolled in gender clinics or schools in the area. Often, gender identity in children is measured through interviews or questionnaires. It is evident from the literature that sometimes, the participants, whether they are the parents of children experiencing gender incongruence or the children themselves, are tasked with answering questions through various measurement practices. Although these practices have been used continuously, gendered language and outdated sources have caused inconsistencies in measurement, which may influence participants’ responses. Recommendations for future research include researchers justifying their measurement practices and re-writing interview questions and questionnaires to better align with definitions and concepts of gender that are prominent in the language of today
OV-BiTE: Using an Oncolytic Virus to Enhance the Efficacy of T-Cell-Attracting Bispecific Monoclonal Antibodies in Treating Cold Solid Tumors
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Making AI Make Sense: Biological Normativity as a Criterion for Intelligence
No full textOver a more than 50 year history, a similar critique of artificial intelligence (AI) and mind design has been raised again and again. While the presentation of this critique has varied in topic and emphasis, each presentation constellates around the idea that AI is incapable of certain behaviors essential to intelligence. These behaviors have to do with finding significance in its own activity, its environment, and its interlocutors. Despite the prevalence of these critiques, they have not been felt strongly in the engineering projects behind AI. I argue that this is because these objections are often based on intuitions, and very rarely include actionable suggestions. To overcome these roadblocks, I turn to the work of Gilbert Simondon. Simondon argues that the activity of meaning-making is grounded in the biological projects of the organism—such as metabolism and maintaining homeostasis—and that psychological activity emerges from the meanings established in this project. To endow an AI with the ability to make sense of its situation, then, research in mind design should prioritize replicating the self organizing activity of biological organisms. This will necessitate looking to regions of the brain often neglected in mind design research: the subcortical structures in general in general and the limbic system in particular
Diamonds in the Rough: Counting Diamonds in Tournaments
No full textA tournament is a directed graph in which there is a distinct edge between every pair of vertices (i.e., a complete directed graph). Recent work by Boussairi et al demonstrates that the number of diamonds within a tournament casts light on the determinant of the tournament. We explore the main result of this work and present our formulae for counting diamonds and generalized diamonds in various types of tournaments.
We also discuss observations of the number of generalized diamonds in 8-tournaments. Lastly, we investigate the automorphism group of generalized diamonds
RuBisC-No! Designing Protein-Cage-Based Metabolons to Move Synthetic Carbon Fixation Systems in vivo
No full textDynamin-Related Proteins in Apicoplast and Mitochondrial Fission During Plasmodium falciparum Replication
No full textMalaria, caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, remains a critical global health threat, particularly in regions with limited access to healthcare. This paper investigates the role of dynamin-related proteins in the replication of P. falciparum, focusing on the division of two essential organelles: the mitochondria and the apicoplast. The apicoplast, a non-photosynthetic relic of a chloroplast acquired through secondary endosymbiosis, plays a vital role in parasite metabolism and must be accurately divided and inherited by daughter cells during schizogony. Drawing on current research, I explore how the mitochondria and apicoplast undergo membrane fission and argue that their close association during replication is important for proper division. I propose that this proximity enables both organelles to coordinate division through the shared use of the same dynamin protein, Dyn2, thereby ensuring organelle inheritance and parasite survival
